垂直或短場垂直起降戰機，簡而言之，便是戰機不需跑道或僅需要很短的跑道便可以從事起降的噴射引擎飛機。英國是本種戰機的開發始祖，而英國也是至目前為止唯一海空軍皆有使用過本型戰機的國家，此型戰機就是獵鷹式(Harrier)。而後來英國把此技術也技轉給了美國，也就是美國海軍陸戰隊的AV-8B，之後有數個西方或者親西方擁有輕型航空母艦的國家也多從英國或美國買到了此型戰機，而另一個航空科技大國法國雖然也曾試著開發此型戰機但卻始終沒有成功，至於前蘇聯後來也開發出此種戰機Yak-38並用於其基輔級航空母艦，而前蘇聯也是至目前為止曾有過此型戰機服役的共產國家，但隨著蘇聯解體與基輔級航艦的除役與外賣改造，繼承前蘇聯主體的俄羅斯目前也無此種戰機服役了，未來俄羅斯是否會開發後繼機種仍是未知數。此型飛機的優點在於由於不需跑道或僅需很短跑道便可以起降，這對幅員小且多山地的國家是最好的的作戰飛機選擇，尤其在戰時機場很容易成為敵方攻擊目標，不需機場便可以執行作戰任務的戰機便佔有極大生存優勢。此外，此型戰機也適用跑道較短的短場起降輕型航艦或兩棲突擊艦。但缺點便是第一代的此型戰機受限於當時的科技能力限制並無法開發出可從事超音速作戰任務的垂直起降戰機，也因此它無法成為優秀的戰鬥機而僅能從事以攻擊為主的任務，而且其酬載量偏低也是另一個重大缺點。
美國海軍陸戰隊與英國海軍在共同開發新ㄧ代的聯合打擊戰機(Joint Strike Fighter)中的垂直起降型多功能戰鬥機中加入了超音速飛行的能力需求，讓本型戰機也能成為第一波執行空優任務的作戰飛機。而隨著2012年首支F-35B中隊的成軍也正式宣告新一代垂直起降戰機的時代來臨，未來應該也會在許多英美盟國輕型短場起降航艦或兩棲突擊艦上看到此型戰機的服役，目前確定服役的國家有美國、英國與義大利。
美國海軍陸戰隊與英國海軍在共同開發新ㄧ代的聯合打擊戰機(Joint Strike Fighter)中的垂直起降型多功能戰鬥機中加入了超音速飛行的能力需求，讓本型戰機也能成為第一波執行空優任務的作戰飛機。而隨著2012年首支F-35B中隊的成軍也正式宣告新一代垂直起降戰機的時代來臨，未來應該也會在許多英美盟國輕型短場起降航艦或兩棲突擊艦上看到此型戰機的服役，目前確定服役的國家有美國、英國與義大利。
開發歷程
P.1127
Experimental V/STOL fighter, two prototypes and four development aircraft.
Kestrel FGA.1
Aircraft for the tripartite evaluation squadron, nine built, six eventually becoming designated XV-6A.
P.1127 (RAF)
Development V/STOL ground attack and reconnaissance fighter, six built ordered into production as the Harrier GR1.
XV-6A
United States military designation for the Kestrel FGA.1.
VZ-12
United States Army designation for two P.1127 development aircraft, not delivered.
生產數量
6 P.1127
9 Kestrel
服役國家：
Experimental V/STOL fighter, two prototypes and four development aircraft.
Kestrel FGA.1
Aircraft for the tripartite evaluation squadron, nine built, six eventually becoming designated XV-6A.
P.1127 (RAF)
Development V/STOL ground attack and reconnaissance fighter, six built ordered into production as the Harrier GR1.
XV-6A
United States military designation for the Kestrel FGA.1.
VZ-12
United States Army designation for two P.1127 development aircraft, not delivered.
生產數量
6 P.1127
9 Kestrel
服役國家：
西德(實驗機種未曾正式服役)
Luftwaffe (participated in the Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron, allocated aircraft not delivered and passed to United States)
英國(實驗機種未曾正式服役)
Royal Air Force
美國(實驗機種未曾正式服役)
United States Army (participated in both the Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron and as part of the American XV-6A Tri-service evaluation team)
United States Air Force
United States Navy (participated in both the Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron and as part of the American XV-6A Tri-service evaluation team)
NASA
Luftwaffe (participated in the Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron, allocated aircraft not delivered and passed to United States)
英國(實驗機種未曾正式服役)
Royal Air Force
美國(實驗機種未曾正式服役)
United States Army (participated in both the Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron and as part of the American XV-6A Tri-service evaluation team)
United States Air Force
United States Navy (participated in both the Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron and as part of the American XV-6A Tri-service evaluation team)
NASA
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開發歷程
Harrier GR.1
The first production model derived from the Kestrel
Harrier GR.1A
Upgraded version of the GR.1, the main difference being the uprated Pegasus Mk 102 engine. Fifty-eight GR.1As entered RAF service, 17 GR.1As were produced, a further 41 GR.1s upgraded.
Harrier GR.3
Featured improved sensors (such as a laser tracker in the lengthened nose and radar warning receiver on the fin and tail boom) and a further uprated Pegasus Mk 103. It was to be the ultimate development of the first-generation Harrier. The RAF ordered 118 of the GR.1/GR.3 series.
Harrier T.2
Two-seat training version for the RAF.
Harrier T.2A
Upgraded T.2, powered by a Pegasus Mk 102.
Harrier T4
Two-seat training version for the Royal Air Force, equivalent to the GR.3.
Harrier T4N
Two-seat training version for the Royal Navy.
Harrier Mk 52
Two-seat company demonstrator, one built.
AV-8A Harrier
Single-seat ground-attack, close air support, reconnaissance, and fighter aircraft; similar to the earlier GR.1, but with the GR.3 engine. 113 ordered for the U.S. Marines. Company designation Harrier Mk 50.
AV-8C
Upgraded AV-8A for the U.S. Marine Corps.
AV-8S Matador
Export version of the AV-8A Harrier for the Spanish Navy, later sold to the Royal Thai Navy. Spanish Navy designation VA-1 Matador. Company designation Harrier Mk 53 for the first production batch, and Mk 55 for the second batch.
TAV-8A Harrier
Two-seater training version for the US Marine Corps. The TAV-8A Harrier was powered by a 21,500 lb Rolls-Royce Pegasus Mk 103 turbofan engine. Company designation Harrier Mk 54.
TAV-8S Matador
Export version of the TAV-8A Harrier for the Spanish Navy. Later sold to the Royal Thai Navy. Spanish Navy designation VAE-1 Matador. Company designation Harrier Mk 54.
The first production model derived from the Kestrel
Harrier GR.1A
Upgraded version of the GR.1, the main difference being the uprated Pegasus Mk 102 engine. Fifty-eight GR.1As entered RAF service, 17 GR.1As were produced, a further 41 GR.1s upgraded.
Harrier GR.3
Featured improved sensors (such as a laser tracker in the lengthened nose and radar warning receiver on the fin and tail boom) and a further uprated Pegasus Mk 103. It was to be the ultimate development of the first-generation Harrier. The RAF ordered 118 of the GR.1/GR.3 series.
Harrier T.2
Two-seat training version for the RAF.
Harrier T.2A
Upgraded T.2, powered by a Pegasus Mk 102.
Harrier T4
Two-seat training version for the Royal Air Force, equivalent to the GR.3.
Harrier T4N
Two-seat training version for the Royal Navy.
Harrier Mk 52
Two-seat company demonstrator, one built.
AV-8A Harrier
Single-seat ground-attack, close air support, reconnaissance, and fighter aircraft; similar to the earlier GR.1, but with the GR.3 engine. 113 ordered for the U.S. Marines. Company designation Harrier Mk 50.
AV-8C
Upgraded AV-8A for the U.S. Marine Corps.
AV-8S Matador
Export version of the AV-8A Harrier for the Spanish Navy, later sold to the Royal Thai Navy. Spanish Navy designation VA-1 Matador. Company designation Harrier Mk 53 for the first production batch, and Mk 55 for the second batch.
TAV-8A Harrier
Two-seater training version for the US Marine Corps. The TAV-8A Harrier was powered by a 21,500 lb Rolls-Royce Pegasus Mk 103 turbofan engine. Company designation Harrier Mk 54.
TAV-8S Matador
Export version of the TAV-8A Harrier for the Spanish Navy. Later sold to the Royal Thai Navy. Spanish Navy designation VAE-1 Matador. Company designation Harrier Mk 54.
服役國家：
西班牙海軍(1中隊，AV-8S and TAV-8S Matador)目前已全數除役
泰國海軍(1中隊，AV-8S and TAV-8S)目前已全數除役
英國空軍(5中隊，BAE Harrier II)目前已全數除役
美國海軍陸戰隊(4中隊AV-8A/C Harrier及TAV-8A Harrier)
泰國海軍(1中隊，AV-8S and TAV-8S)目前已全數除役
英國空軍(5中隊，BAE Harrier II)目前已全數除役
美國海軍陸戰隊(4中隊AV-8A/C Harrier及TAV-8A Harrier)
開發歷程
Sea Harrier FRS1
57 FRS1s were delivered between 1978 and 1988; most survivors converted to Sea Harrier FA2 specifications from 1988.
Harrier T4N
The Harrier T4N is a two-seat naval version of the Harrier T2, used by the Royal Navy for land-based pilot conversion training towards the Sea Harrier FRS1.
Sea Harrier FRS51
Single-seat fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft made for the Indian Navy, similar to the British FRS1. Unlike the FRS1 Sea Harrier, it is fitted with Matra R550 Magic air-to-air missiles.
Harrier T60
Export version of the T4N two-seat training version for the Indian Navy.
Sea Harrier FA2
Upgrade of FRS1 fleet in 1988, featuring the Blue Vixen pulse doppler radar and the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile.
Harrier T8
Seven Harrier T4s two-seat trainers updated with Sea Harrier FA2 instrumentation.
Harrier T4N
The Harrier T4N is a two-seat naval version of the Harrier T2, used by the Royal Navy for land-based pilot conversion training towards the Sea Harrier FRS1.
Sea Harrier FRS51
Single-seat fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft made for the Indian Navy, similar to the British FRS1. Unlike the FRS1 Sea Harrier, it is fitted with Matra R550 Magic air-to-air missiles.
Harrier T60
Export version of the T4N two-seat training version for the Indian Navy.
Sea Harrier FA2
Upgrade of FRS1 fleet in 1988, featuring the Blue Vixen pulse doppler radar and the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile.
Harrier T8
Seven Harrier T4s two-seat trainers updated with Sea Harrier FA2 instrumentation.
服役國家：
印度海軍(1中隊)
英國海軍(曾在四中隊服役過，已全數除役)
英國海軍(曾在四中隊服役過，已全數除役)
開發歷程
GR5
The GR5 was the RAF's first second-generation Harrier, with development beginning in 1976. Two AV-8As were modified to Harrier II standard in 1979 and operated as development aircraft. The first BAE built development GR5 flew for the first time on 30 April 1985 and the aircraft entered service in July 1987. The GR5 differed from the USMC AV-8B in many ways, for example avionics fit, weapons and countermeasures. Forty one GR5s were built.
GR5A
The GR5A was a minor variant of the Harrier which incorporated changes in the design in anticipation of the GR7 upgrade. Twenty-one GR5As were built.
GR7
The GR7 had its maiden flight in May 1990 and made its first operational deployment in August 1995 over the former Yugoslavia. While the GR7 deployed on Invincible class aircraft carriers during testing as early as June 1994, the first operational deployments at sea began in 1997. This arrangement was formalised with the Joint Force Harrier, operating with the Royal Navy's Sea Harrier.
GR7A
The GR7A is the first stage in an upgrade to the Harrier GR9 standard. The GR7A is the GR7 with an uprated Rolls-Royce Pegasus 107 engine. When upgraded to GR9 standard the uprated engine variants will retain the A designation, becoming GR9As. Forty GR7s are due to receive this upgrade (all GR7 aircraft are to be made capable of using the Mk 107 engine when converted to GR9 standard). The Mk 107 engine provides around 3,000 lbf (13 kN) extra thrust than the Mk 105's 21,750 lbf (98 kN) thrust, increasing aircraft performance during "hot and high" and carrier-borne operations.
The last Harrier GR7 was retired from service on 31 March 2010; only GR9s and GR9As remained in service after this date.
GR9
The Harrier GR9 is an avionics and weapons upgrade of the standard GR7. This upgrade, known as the Integrated Weapons Programme (IWP), allows the carriage of the latest smart weapons, new inertial navigation and Global Positioning systems (INS/GPS). The new weapons being integrated are the Brimstone, Maverick, Paveway III LGB and Paveway IV PGB missiles.
The aircraft will also be fitted with Sniper targeting pods. In July 2007, BAE Systems completed the final of seven Harrier GR9 replacement rear fuselages for the UK MoD. The fuselage components were designed and built as part of a three year £20 million programme.
GR9A
The Harrier GR9A is an avionics and weapons upgrade of the uprated engined GR7As. All GR9s are capable of accepting the Mk 107 Pegasus engine to become GR9As. Due to a lack of available Mk 107 engines the Harrier II will continue use the Mk 105 engine to ensure fleet availability.
T10
The Harrier T10 is the original two seat training variant of the second-generation RAF Harrier. The RAF considered upgrading the first-generation Harrier trainer, the T4, to Harrier II standard. However due to the age of the airframes and the level of modification required, the service decided to order new build Harrier II trainers. The RAF used the USMC trainer, the TAV-8B, as the basis for the design. Unlike their American counterparts the T10s are fully combat capable. Thirteen aircraft were built.
T12
With the upgrades bringing the GR7s to GR9 standard, the RAF requires representative trainers. These aircraft will be the T12, the T10s with the IWP upgrade.
The GR5 was the RAF's first second-generation Harrier, with development beginning in 1976. Two AV-8As were modified to Harrier II standard in 1979 and operated as development aircraft. The first BAE built development GR5 flew for the first time on 30 April 1985 and the aircraft entered service in July 1987. The GR5 differed from the USMC AV-8B in many ways, for example avionics fit, weapons and countermeasures. Forty one GR5s were built.
GR5A
The GR5A was a minor variant of the Harrier which incorporated changes in the design in anticipation of the GR7 upgrade. Twenty-one GR5As were built.
GR7
The GR7 had its maiden flight in May 1990 and made its first operational deployment in August 1995 over the former Yugoslavia. While the GR7 deployed on Invincible class aircraft carriers during testing as early as June 1994, the first operational deployments at sea began in 1997. This arrangement was formalised with the Joint Force Harrier, operating with the Royal Navy's Sea Harrier.
GR7A
The GR7A is the first stage in an upgrade to the Harrier GR9 standard. The GR7A is the GR7 with an uprated Rolls-Royce Pegasus 107 engine. When upgraded to GR9 standard the uprated engine variants will retain the A designation, becoming GR9As. Forty GR7s are due to receive this upgrade (all GR7 aircraft are to be made capable of using the Mk 107 engine when converted to GR9 standard). The Mk 107 engine provides around 3,000 lbf (13 kN) extra thrust than the Mk 105's 21,750 lbf (98 kN) thrust, increasing aircraft performance during "hot and high" and carrier-borne operations.
The last Harrier GR7 was retired from service on 31 March 2010; only GR9s and GR9As remained in service after this date.
GR9
The Harrier GR9 is an avionics and weapons upgrade of the standard GR7. This upgrade, known as the Integrated Weapons Programme (IWP), allows the carriage of the latest smart weapons, new inertial navigation and Global Positioning systems (INS/GPS). The new weapons being integrated are the Brimstone, Maverick, Paveway III LGB and Paveway IV PGB missiles.
The aircraft will also be fitted with Sniper targeting pods. In July 2007, BAE Systems completed the final of seven Harrier GR9 replacement rear fuselages for the UK MoD. The fuselage components were designed and built as part of a three year £20 million programme.
GR9A
The Harrier GR9A is an avionics and weapons upgrade of the uprated engined GR7As. All GR9s are capable of accepting the Mk 107 Pegasus engine to become GR9As. Due to a lack of available Mk 107 engines the Harrier II will continue use the Mk 105 engine to ensure fleet availability.
T10
The Harrier T10 is the original two seat training variant of the second-generation RAF Harrier. The RAF considered upgrading the first-generation Harrier trainer, the T4, to Harrier II standard. However due to the age of the airframes and the level of modification required, the service decided to order new build Harrier II trainers. The RAF used the USMC trainer, the TAV-8B, as the basis for the design. Unlike their American counterparts the T10s are fully combat capable. Thirteen aircraft were built.
T12
With the upgrades bringing the GR7s to GR9 standard, the RAF requires representative trainers. These aircraft will be the T12, the T10s with the IWP upgrade.
生產總量
143 Harrier GR5/5A, GR7, and T10s total
服役國家：
英國空軍(4中隊與打擊作戰評估單位，目前已全數除役)
英國海軍(1中隊與1打擊聯隊，目前已全數除役)
英國海軍(1中隊與1打擊聯隊，目前已全數除役)
美國
McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
開發歷程
YAV-8B
Two prototypes converted in 1978 from existing AV-8A airframes (BuNo 158394, 158395).
AV-8B Harrier II
"Day Attack" variant; no longer in service. Most were upgraded to one of the following two variants, while the remainder were withdrawn from service. 4 full scale development (FSD) aircraft were built in 1982, followed by 162 production aircraft, built 1983-1989.
AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack
Fielded in 1991; incorporates a Navigation Forward Looking Infrared camera (NAVFLIR). Upgraded cockpit, including compatibility with night vision goggles. More powerful Rolls Royce Pegasus 11 engine. 1 prototype converted from AV-8B (BuNo 163853), 72 new aircraft were produced 1989 to 1993. This variant was originally designated AV-8D.
AV-8B Harrier II Plus
Similar to the Night Attack variant, with the addition of an APG-65 radar. It is used by the USMC, Spanish Navy, and Italian Navy. 72 were converted from existing AV-8B (receiving new BuNos), 43 were new built from 1993 to 1997.
TAV-8B Harrier II
Two-seat trainer version. 23 were built between 1986 and 1992.
TAV-8B Harrier II+
Two two-seat trainer aircraft built for Italy 1990 to 1991.
EAV-8B Matador II
Company designation for the Spanish Navy version. 12 were built 1987 to 1988.
EAV-8B Matador II+
AV-8B Harrier II+ for Spanish Navy, 11 were converted from EAV-8B, 8 were new built 1995 to 1997.
服役國家：
Two prototypes converted in 1978 from existing AV-8A airframes (BuNo 158394, 158395).
AV-8B Harrier II
"Day Attack" variant; no longer in service. Most were upgraded to one of the following two variants, while the remainder were withdrawn from service. 4 full scale development (FSD) aircraft were built in 1982, followed by 162 production aircraft, built 1983-1989.
AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack
Fielded in 1991; incorporates a Navigation Forward Looking Infrared camera (NAVFLIR). Upgraded cockpit, including compatibility with night vision goggles. More powerful Rolls Royce Pegasus 11 engine. 1 prototype converted from AV-8B (BuNo 163853), 72 new aircraft were produced 1989 to 1993. This variant was originally designated AV-8D.
AV-8B Harrier II Plus
Similar to the Night Attack variant, with the addition of an APG-65 radar. It is used by the USMC, Spanish Navy, and Italian Navy. 72 were converted from existing AV-8B (receiving new BuNos), 43 were new built from 1993 to 1997.
TAV-8B Harrier II
Two-seat trainer version. 23 were built between 1986 and 1992.
TAV-8B Harrier II+
Two two-seat trainer aircraft built for Italy 1990 to 1991.
EAV-8B Matador II
Company designation for the Spanish Navy version. 12 were built 1987 to 1988.
EAV-8B Matador II+
AV-8B Harrier II+ for Spanish Navy, 11 were converted from EAV-8B, 8 were new built 1995 to 1997.
服役國家：
義大利海軍(15 AV-8B)
西班牙海軍(13 AV-8B+)
美國海軍陸戰隊(10 Sqns，99 AV-8B+)
西班牙海軍(13 AV-8B+)
美國海軍陸戰隊(10 Sqns，99 AV-8B+)
Boeing X-32B
Lockheed Martin X-35B
X-35實驗機為聯合打擊戰鬥機計劃（Joint Strike Fighter, JSF）的技術實驗機。X-35與波音公司的X-32實驗機同時競爭JSF計畫，最後由X-35獲選成為美國新一代海空軍與海軍陸戰隊以及其他盟國未來海空軍戰鬥機的設計機種。原始設計上受到Yak-141的影響，原本舉升發動機構型有相當程度是來自於參考前蘇聯Yak-141設計並加以改良成舉升風扇。
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II F-35B
服役國家：
英國空軍
英國海軍
美國海軍陸戰隊
義大利海軍
俄羅斯／前蘇聯
Yakovlev Yak-38
開發歷程
Yak-36M "Forger"
The initial pre-production version, differing slightly from the Yak-38. It weighed only 6,650 kg (14,660 lb) compared to the Yak-38's 7,370 kg (16,250 lb) and the engines were slightly less powerful.
Yak-38 "Forger-A"
The Yak-38 was the first production model, it first flew on January 15, 1971, and entered service with the Soviet Naval Aviation on August 11, 1976. A total of 143 Yak-38s were produced.
Yak-38M "Forger-A"
The Yak-38M was an upgraded version of the Yak-38, the main difference being the new Tumansky R-28V-300 and two Rybinsk RD-38 engines. The maximum take off weight in VTOL was increased from 10 × 300 kg (660 lb) to 11 × 300 kg (660 lb) (or 12,000 kg/26,450 lb in short takeoff mode). The air intakes were slightly widened and the pylons under wings were reinforced to carry a ton[clarification needed] of armament. Yak-38M begin entered service with the Soviet Naval Aviation after June 1985, a total of 50 Yak-38M were produced.
Yak-38U "Forger-B"
Two-seat training version for the Soviet Naval Aviation, this version differed from the basic aircraft in having an enlarged fuselage to accommodate a two-seater cockpit. The Yak-38U entered service on November 15, 1978, a total of 38 Yak-38U have been produced with the 38th aircraft being delivered in 1981.
Unbuilt projects
Yak-36P (or Yak-36MF)
Intended supersonic follow-on to the attack-optimised Yak-36M, adding AI radar, medium-range AAMs and advanced navigation equipment. A third RD-36-35 lift jet was also added to cope with increased take-off weight.
Yak-36-70F
1970 project for supersonic light fighter with a pair of afterburning (hence ‘F’ suffix) lift/cruise engines, lift engines deleted, variable intakes, bicycle undercarriage.
Yak-36A
Project for version with R-49V lift/cruise engine and two lift engines; one fuselage completed for tests under Tu-16.
Yak-36O
Refined version of Yak-36M with 15,000 kgf (33,100 lbf) thrust Type 55 (or subsequently R-61V) engine in redesigned fuselage.
Yak-38L (Yak-38I?)
AL-21F lift/cruise engine replacing R-27V-300.
Yak-38MP
Yak-38M fitted with a weapons system derived from that of the MiG-29 and including N019 radar and advanced nav/attack suite.
Yak-39
Multi-role fighter/attack aircraft project dating from 1983, employing one R-28V-300 and two RD-48 engines, PRNK-39 avionics kompleks; S-41D multi-mode radar, larger wing, increased fuel capacity and expanded weapons options based around Shkval or Kaira PGM designation systems.
The initial pre-production version, differing slightly from the Yak-38. It weighed only 6,650 kg (14,660 lb) compared to the Yak-38's 7,370 kg (16,250 lb) and the engines were slightly less powerful.
Yak-38 "Forger-A"
The Yak-38 was the first production model, it first flew on January 15, 1971, and entered service with the Soviet Naval Aviation on August 11, 1976. A total of 143 Yak-38s were produced.
Yak-38M "Forger-A"
The Yak-38M was an upgraded version of the Yak-38, the main difference being the new Tumansky R-28V-300 and two Rybinsk RD-38 engines. The maximum take off weight in VTOL was increased from 10 × 300 kg (660 lb) to 11 × 300 kg (660 lb) (or 12,000 kg/26,450 lb in short takeoff mode). The air intakes were slightly widened and the pylons under wings were reinforced to carry a ton[clarification needed] of armament. Yak-38M begin entered service with the Soviet Naval Aviation after June 1985, a total of 50 Yak-38M were produced.
Yak-38U "Forger-B"
Two-seat training version for the Soviet Naval Aviation, this version differed from the basic aircraft in having an enlarged fuselage to accommodate a two-seater cockpit. The Yak-38U entered service on November 15, 1978, a total of 38 Yak-38U have been produced with the 38th aircraft being delivered in 1981.
Unbuilt projects
Yak-36P (or Yak-36MF)
Intended supersonic follow-on to the attack-optimised Yak-36M, adding AI radar, medium-range AAMs and advanced navigation equipment. A third RD-36-35 lift jet was also added to cope with increased take-off weight.
Yak-36-70F
1970 project for supersonic light fighter with a pair of afterburning (hence ‘F’ suffix) lift/cruise engines, lift engines deleted, variable intakes, bicycle undercarriage.
Yak-36A
Project for version with R-49V lift/cruise engine and two lift engines; one fuselage completed for tests under Tu-16.
Yak-36O
Refined version of Yak-36M with 15,000 kgf (33,100 lbf) thrust Type 55 (or subsequently R-61V) engine in redesigned fuselage.
Yak-38L (Yak-38I?)
AL-21F lift/cruise engine replacing R-27V-300.
Yak-38MP
Yak-38M fitted with a weapons system derived from that of the MiG-29 and including N019 radar and advanced nav/attack suite.
Yak-39
Multi-role fighter/attack aircraft project dating from 1983, employing one R-28V-300 and two RD-48 engines, PRNK-39 avionics kompleks; S-41D multi-mode radar, larger wing, increased fuel capacity and expanded weapons options based around Shkval or Kaira PGM designation systems.
生產總量
231架
服役國家：
前蘇聯／俄羅斯海軍
Yakovlev Yak-141
為前蘇聯預備開發的新ㄧ代超音速短場起降戰鬥機，但由於時運不濟，本計畫也隨著1991年當時蘇聯解體經費短缺而宣告取消。
開發歷程
Yak-41
The two flying protoypes and ground test article
Yak-41M
Proposed production aircraft with large LERX's (leading-edge root extensions) and other improvements, particularly in the avionic suite.
Yak-43 (a.k.a. Izdeliye 201)
A proposed development of the Yak-41M 'Freehand' equipped with Kuznetsov NK-321 engines.
Yak-141
Designation originally applied to a single Yak-41 for disinformation and propaganda purposes when registering records with the FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale) and later for promotional purposes by Yakovlev.
The two flying protoypes and ground test article
Yak-41M
Proposed production aircraft with large LERX's (leading-edge root extensions) and other improvements, particularly in the avionic suite.
Yak-43 (a.k.a. Izdeliye 201)
A proposed development of the Yak-41M 'Freehand' equipped with Kuznetsov NK-321 engines.
Yak-141
Designation originally applied to a single Yak-41 for disinformation and propaganda purposes when registering records with the FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale) and later for promotional purposes by Yakovlev.
服役國家：
前蘇聯／俄羅斯海軍(實驗機種未曾正式服役)
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