tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43166126817742163362024-03-18T21:18:01.409+08:00Supernova之家大太陽底下甚麼事都會發生,更何況是宇宙呢?(Everything is possible under the sun; letting alone the universe.) Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.comBlogger900125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-5664859432078840332024-03-17T06:00:00.012+08:002024-03-17T07:47:38.233+08:00Javascript倒數計時器(Javascript Final Countdown Counter)-2024<p> <html> </p><p><head> </p><p><meta charset=" utf-8"> </p><p><meta name="author" content="Snova" /> </p><p><title>倒數計時</title> </p><p><script type="text/javascript"> </p><p>window.onload=function(){</p><p> var timer=null;</p><p> var show=document.getElementById("show");</p><p> function show_date_time(){ </p><p> var target=new Date("9999/12/31"); </p><p> var today=new Date(); </p><p> var timeold=(target.getTime()-today.getTime()); </p><p> var sectimeold=timeold/1000 </p><p> var secondsold=Math.floor(sectimeold); </p><p> var msPerDay=24*60*60*1000 </p><p> var e_daysold=timeold/msPerDay </p><p> var daysold=Math.floor(e_daysold); </p><p> var e_hrsold=(e_daysold-daysold)*24; </p><p> var hrsold=Math.floor(e_hrsold); </p><p> var e_minsold=(e_hrsold-hrsold)*60; </p><p> var minsold=Math.floor((e_hrsold-hrsold)*60); </p><p> var seconds=Math.floor((e_minsold-minsold)*60);</p><p> if(daysold<0){ </p><p> document.getElementById("time").innerHTML="逾期,倒數計時已經失效"; </p><p> clearInterval(timer);</p><p> } </p><p> else{ </p><p> if (daysold<10) {daysold="0"+daysold} </p><p> if (hrsold<10) {hrsold="0"+hrsold} </p><p> if (minsold<10) {minsold="0"+minsold} </p><p> if (seconds<10) {seconds="0"+seconds} </p><p> show.innerHTML="距離9999/12/31還有:"+daysold+"天"+hrsold+"小時"+minsold+"分"+seconds+"秒"; </p><p> } </p><p> } </p><p> timer=setInterval(show_date_time,1000);</p><p>} </p><p></script></p><p></head> </p><p><body> </p><p><div id="show"></div></p><p></body> </p><p></html><span></span></p>
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<html>
<head>
<meta charset=" utf-8"></meta>
<meta content="Snova" name="author"></meta>
<title>倒數計時</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.onload=function(){
var timer=null;
var show=document.getElementById("show");
function show_date_time(){
var target=new Date("9999/12/31");
var today=new Date();
var timeold=(target.getTime()-today.getTime());
var sectimeold=timeold/1000
var secondsold=Math.floor(sectimeold);
var msPerDay=24*60*60*1000
var e_daysold=timeold/msPerDay
var daysold=Math.floor(e_daysold);
var e_hrsold=(e_daysold-daysold)*24;
var hrsold=Math.floor(e_hrsold);
var e_minsold=(e_hrsold-hrsold)*60;
var minsold=Math.floor((e_hrsold-hrsold)*60);
var seconds=Math.floor((e_minsold-minsold)*60);
if(daysold<0){
document.getElementById("time").innerHTML="逾期,倒數計時已經失效";
clearInterval(timer);
}
else{
if (daysold<10) {daysold="0"+daysold}
if (hrsold<10) {hrsold="0"+hrsold}
if (minsold<10) {minsold="0"+minsold}
if (seconds<10) {seconds="0"+seconds}
show.innerHTML="距離9999/12/31還有:"+daysold+"天"+hrsold+"小時"+minsold+"分"+seconds+"秒";
}
}
timer=setInterval(show_date_time,1000);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="show"></div>
</body>
</html>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-90932637601223140162024-03-10T06:00:00.017+08:002024-03-10T06:00:00.212+08:00Javascript萬年曆(Javascript Calendar)-2024<p> <html></p><p><style type='text/css'></p><p>.cal {border-collapse:collapse}</p><p>.cal TH {background:green;</p><p> border:solid 1px green;</p><p> text-align:center</p><p> }</p><p>.cal TD {border:solid 1px green;</p><p> text-align:right</p><p> }</p><p>.cal COL {background:pink}</p><p></style></p><p><div id=calendar></div></p><p><script type='text/javascript'></p><p>function drawCal(inc)</p><p>{</p><p> month+=inc;</p><p> if(month == 0 )</p><p> {</p><p> month=12;</p><p> year--;</p><p> }</p><p> else if( month == 13 )</p><p> {</p><p> month=1;</p><p> year++;</p><p> }</p><p> calendar(year, month);</p><p>}</p><p>function calendar(yr, mth)</p><p>{</p><p> var td=new Date();</p><p> var today=new Date( td.getFullYear(), td.getMonth(), td.getDate());</p><p> var s='<table class=cal><col>';</p><p> s+='<tr><th onclick="drawCal(-1)"><<<th colspan=5>'</p><p> +yr +'.'+ mth +'<th onclick="drawCal(1)">>>';</p><p> mth--;</p><p> s+='<tr><th>S<th>M<th>T<th>W<th>T<th>F<th>S';</p><p> var dt=new Date(yr, mth, 1);</p><p> var wd=dt.getDay(); //week day</p><p> var i;</p><p> s+='<tr>';</p><p> for( ; wd > 0 ; wd--) s+='<td>';</p><p> for( i=1; i<32; )</p><p> {</p><p> dt=new Date(yr, mth, i);</p><p> if( dt.toString() == today.toString() )</p><p> s+='<td style="color:blue; font-weight:bolder">'+i;</p><p> else</p><p> s+='<td>'+i;</p><p> dt=new Date(yr, mth, ++i);</p><p> if( dt.getMonth() != mth ) break;</p><p> wd=dt.getDay();</p><p> if( wd == 0 )</p><p> s+='<tr>';</p><p> }</p><p> for( ; wd < 6; wd++) s+='<td>';</p><p> s+='</table>';</p><p> document.getElementById('calendar').innerHTML=s;</p><p>}</p><p>var td=new Date();</p><p>var year=td.getFullYear();</p><p>var month=td.getMonth()+1;</p><p>calendar(year, month);</p><p></script></p><p></html><span></span></p>
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<html>
<style type="text/css">
.cal {border-collapse:collapse}
.cal TH {background:green;
border:solid 1px green;
text-align:center
}
.cal TD {border:solid 1px green;
text-align:right
}
.cal COL {background:pink}
</style>
<div id="calendar"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
function drawCal(inc)
{
month+=inc;
if(month == 0 )
{
month=12;
year--;
}
else if( month == 13 )
{
month=1;
year++;
}
calendar(year, month);
}
function calendar(yr, mth)
{
var td=new Date();
var today=new Date( td.getFullYear(), td.getMonth(), td.getDate());
var s='<table class=cal><col>';
s+='<tr><th onclick="drawCal(-1)"><<<th colspan=5>'
+yr +'.'+ mth +'<th onclick="drawCal(1)">>>';
mth--;
s+='<tr><th>S<th>M<th>T<th>W<th>T<th>F<th>S';
var dt=new Date(yr, mth, 1);
var wd=dt.getDay(); //week day
var i;
s+='<tr>';
for( ; wd > 0 ; wd--) s+='<td>';
for( i=1; i<32; )
{
dt=new Date(yr, mth, i);
if( dt.toString() == today.toString() )
s+='<td style="color:blue; font-weight:bolder">'+i;
else
s+='<td>'+i;
dt=new Date(yr, mth, ++i);
if( dt.getMonth() != mth ) break;
wd=dt.getDay();
if( wd == 0 )
s+='<tr>';
}
for( ; wd < 6; wd++) s+='<td>';
s+='</table>';
document.getElementById('calendar').innerHTML=s;
}
var td=new Date();
var year=td.getFullYear();
var month=td.getMonth()+1;
calendar(year, month);
</script>
</html><p></p>
Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-24739314310690033172024-03-03T05:30:00.025+08:002024-03-03T18:25:28.082+08:00二戰後智利潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Chile After WWII)-2024<p> </p><p align="LEFT" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW">遠在南美洲的智利,國土相當狹長,南北總長度超過越南,或許很多台灣人不熟悉,但主要由智利出產的銅礦與鋰礦卻是撐起現代世界進步與現代化的兩大主要礦產,沒有這兩種礦產,你的手機、電動車與世界電力系統都無法完整運作(雖然世界還有其他礦區但豐度與產量皆遠不及智利),而且智利也是世界主要的糧食與水果出產地</span>。<span lang="zh-TW">智利算拉丁美洲政治最清明、人類發展指數最高,也是南美</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">ABC</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">(Argentina、Brazil、Chile)</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW">三國國民所得最高的國家,更是</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">OECD</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW">與</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CPTPP</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW">成員國。不過由於位處太平洋火環帶活動最頻繁的區域,常有大地震,也發展出相當高明的避震技術,跟美日等國的避震技術相當。</span></span></span></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">智利</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">在國防發展上,除了戰略性核子武器以及最先進的武器外,幾乎不受限制</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,不過位處南美洲非兵家必爭之地,且南美洲並無超級軍事強國的威脅,因此僅保有量少質精的三軍</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">。</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">空軍有數十架</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">F-16A/B/C/D</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">、有空中加油機</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KC-135</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,空中預警機則有</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">E-3D</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">與</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">707AEW</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">。海軍則有英澳荷製的多國聯合巡防艦</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">8</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">艘,以及目前有</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">艘德製</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">209</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">級與</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">艘法國梭魚級潛艦服役。陸軍的主戰戰車則以德製的豹</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">I</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">與豹</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">II
MBT</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">為主力。<span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">O'Brien
class</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Oberon class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">British Oberon class
submarines. Retired.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Thomson
class </span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type 209/1400 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Upgraded and integration of
SUBTICS combat management system and BlackShark torpedoes. In
active servie.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">O'Higgins class Scorpène
class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">French Scorpène class
submarine. In active service.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-64043791518881397792024-02-25T05:30:00.121+08:002024-02-25T05:30:00.192+08:00二戰後新加坡潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Singapore After WWII)-2024<p>位居麻六甲要衝的島國新加坡,地小人稠,天然資源缺乏以及地理位置先天上受制於馬來西亞,獨立建國之初原本和馬來西亞成為邦聯國家,但因兩國的宗教、文化與經濟發展差異太大,最後走向各自分離的政治體。不過新加坡利用優越的地理位置發展金融、航運與轉口航運以及少部分的製造業與電子業,經濟高度發展,成為亞洲四小龍個人所得最高的國家,未來也將取代香港成為新的亞太金融中心,但政治自由度遠不及同為四小龍的台灣跟韓國。</p><p>新加坡在國防發展上,雖然也會受到地緣政治與國際情勢影響,但相對上限制比台灣小很多,除了戰略性核子武器以及歐美最先進的武器外,幾乎不受限制。因此,在外購武器的阻力上也遠小於台灣,主要來源來自於美國與歐洲,不過在軍事訓練上也和台灣合作。空軍戰鬥機有F-15E、F-16C/D/D+與F-35B,更有空中加油機KC-130與Airbus A330MRTT,而海軍也有6艘可畏級巡防艦(法國的拉法葉級巡防艦,整體性能比台灣現役好)與獨立級近岸任務護衛艦,且已經訂購新的歐系神盾艦(丹麥的德荷系神盾艦)6艘。潛艇起步雖比台灣晚,卻已經先後獲得4艘瑞典製的先進潛艇,未來將有4艘德製的218SG級AIP潛艇服役取代現役瑞典潛艇。</p><p><span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Challenger class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Refurbished Swedish
Sjöormen class.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Archer class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Originally Swedish
Västergötland class, upgraded to Södermanland class standards.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Invincible
Class</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type 218SG</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 4 to replace
Challenger class & Archer class. German built AIP submarines,
and 1 in sea trial, 2 laid down, 1 under construction.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p><br /><p></p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-53418272857860221212024-02-18T06:00:00.035+08:002024-02-18T06:00:00.292+08:00軍用直升機(Military Helicopter)-2024<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlg2wUenRdZ_Rw_Pf4lJK_z_hZjAXtK8sRMg9V7u9lKE3YvPID7h8wyrqQvwSFGnsMnACg7RYVPPGu7Rd641Ym6U6YjRfVdaYurBkfte1QdpcNKSHa0Bo7Ex82PIXiPO8Sf1PliWw0p3vvPbhUd59xQXWToDgSNnVx5JzBaxoJXmbeVWV-yM-gxiQ9lI/s800/800px-List%20of%20Miltary%20Helicopter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="800" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlg2wUenRdZ_Rw_Pf4lJK_z_hZjAXtK8sRMg9V7u9lKE3YvPID7h8wyrqQvwSFGnsMnACg7RYVPPGu7Rd641Ym6U6YjRfVdaYurBkfte1QdpcNKSHa0Bo7Ex82PIXiPO8Sf1PliWw0p3vvPbhUd59xQXWToDgSNnVx5JzBaxoJXmbeVWV-yM-gxiQ9lI/s320/800px-List%20of%20Miltary%20Helicopter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">image source:Internet</div><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">軍用直升機是專為軍事</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-TW">行動</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">使用而特別建造或改裝的直升機。軍用直升機的任務取決於其設計或裝</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-TW">配裝備</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">。軍用直升機最常見的用途是運輸部隊,但運輸直升機可以被修改或改裝以執行其他任務,如戰鬥搜救</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #111111;">(</span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">CSAR</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">、醫療後送</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #111111;">(</span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">MEDEVAC</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">、空中指揮,甚至裝有</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-TW">各種</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">武器以攻擊地面</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-TW">、水面甚至空中</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">目標。專門的軍用直升機旨在執行特定任務。專門的軍用直升機的例子包括攻擊直升機、觀</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-TW">測</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">直升機和反潛</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #111111;">(</span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">ASW</span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #111111;"><span face="apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, Segoe UI, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Microsoft YaHei, Meiryo UI, Meiryo, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">直升機等。</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍用直升機可以按照用途和重量<span lang="zh-TW">以及不同軍種任務</span>進行分類。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">按照用途分類,軍用直升機可分為以下幾類:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">通</span>用直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Utility
helicopter)</span><span lang="zh-TW">:</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">是一種具備多種用途的直升機,亦稱為多用途直升機。多用途軍用直升機可以兼任攻擊和運輸的角色,執行對地攻擊<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>如密接支援、反裝甲<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、空中突擊、戰術空運、<span lang="zh-TW">醫療</span>後送<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(MEDEVAC)</span>等任務。</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">UH-1</span>休伊直升機</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mi-8/17</span>直升機</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SA330</span>美洲虎直升機</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-53</span>海<span lang="zh-TW">種馬</span>直升機</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Z-8</span>直升機</p></li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">攻擊直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Attack
Helicopter)</span>:</p><span lang="zh-TW">主</span>要用於對地面目標進行攻擊<span lang="zh-TW">,戰術上主要用於反裝甲與密接支援任務</span>,裝備有<span lang="zh-TW">機槍、</span>機炮、火箭、<span lang="zh-TW">空對地飛彈等對地武器有些也裝配空對空</span>飛彈<span lang="zh-TW">作為自衛用</span>。<br /><ul>
<li><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AH-1</span>眼鏡蛇</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AH-64</span>阿帕<span lang="zh-TW">契</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mi-24</span>雌鹿</p></li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ka-50</span>黑鯊</p></li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-TW">運輸直升機</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Transport
helicopter)</span><span lang="zh-TW">:</span></p><span lang="zh-TW">主要用於運輸人員、物資等以支援我方的軍事行動與任務等。在軍事強國,軍事運輸直升通常以任務需求特製,但也有以商用直升機代替的。</span><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-47</span></p>
</li><li><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">UH-60</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mi-26</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-53E</span>超級種馬。</p></li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>海事<span lang="zh-TW">直升機</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Maritime
Helicopter)</span><span lang="zh-TW">:</span><br /><span lang="zh-TW">依使用任務用途與軍艦大小不同可分為</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">ASW</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AShW</span><span lang="zh-TW">、</span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SAR</span><span lang="zh-TW">、</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AEW&C</span><span lang="zh-TW">與運輸直昇機等</span><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">反潛直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(ASW)</span>:主要用於對水面艦艇和潛艇進行搜索、攻擊。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SH-60</span>海鷹</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ka-27</span>反潛<span lang="zh-TW">型</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Westland
Lynx</span></p></li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sikorsky
CH-148 Cyclone</span></p></li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><span lang="zh-TW">預警直升機</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(AEW)</span><span lang="zh-TW">:</span><br />主要用於沒裝配彈射器的短場起降航空母艦或兩棲突擊艦等大型搭配航空機的艦艇,做為早期預警之用。<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SH-3
Sea King</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AgustaWestland
EH-101A AEW</span></p></li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Kamov
Ka-31</span></p></li></ul><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><a name="Observation"></a></p>偵察<span lang="zh-TW">與觀察</span>直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(
Reconnaissance and Observation)</span>:<br />主要用於指揮、偵察、觀測<span lang="zh-TW">、</span>通信等任務<span lang="zh-TW">,並依任務不同搭配各種不同的光學儀器與設備</span>。<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">UH-1</span>休伊</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mi-8</span>鷂鷹</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-47</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">OH-58D
</span><span lang="zh-TW">奇歐</span>瓦</p></li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">川崎<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">OH-12</span></p></li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-TW">搜索與搜救直升機</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SAR(Search
and Rescue Helicopter)</span><span lang="zh-TW">:</span><br />在軍事上可快速用於搜索與搜救<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">'</span>以及醫療後送的直升機。<br /><span lang="zh-TW"><br /></span></p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="zh-TW">訓練直升機</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Training
Helicopter)</span><br />專用於訓練直升機駕駛的軍用直升機,但也有以現役不同用途的直升機作為訓練直升機。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Training"></a></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Aérospatiale
Gazelle </span>
</p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<a name='more'></a>按照重量分類,軍用直升機可分為以下幾類:<p></p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">小型直升機:起飛重量在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>噸以下。例如:<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AH-6</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MD
500</span>防衛者等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">輕型直升機:起飛重量在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>~<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">8</span>噸。例如:<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">UH-1</span>休伊、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mi-8</span>鷂鷹等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">中型直升機:起飛重量在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">8</span>~<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span>噸。例如:<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-47</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mi-26</span>巨型等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">大型直升機:起飛重量在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span>~<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>噸。例如:<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-53E</span>超級種馬等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">重型直升機:起飛重量在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>噸以上。例如:<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CH-54</span>等。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">此外,軍用直升機還可以按照其他設計因素進行分類,例如:</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">旋翼布局:可分為單旋翼、雙旋翼、多旋翼等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">動力方式:可分為渦軸式、直升機式、渦槳式等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">機身結構:可分為全金屬結構、複合材料結構等。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍用直升機在現代戰爭中扮演著重要角色,廣泛應用於陸軍、海軍、海陸與空軍等各軍兵種。</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">陸軍直升機:因需求空中對地面接戰<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>空對地戰<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>和密接支援作戰,特別需要厚實的防護、能夠威嚇的火力,以及基礎運補能力、垂直進出戰場。配備航空機槍<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>對地步兵掃射<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、航空機砲<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>對地面車輛攻擊<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,大多另配上反坦克武器<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>拖式飛彈、地獄火飛彈、龍式反坦克飛彈、米蘭飛彈、紅箭<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-8</span>等反坦克飛彈<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>和對地火箭彈為主力火力。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">海軍直升機,擔負多種任務,如偵察、反潛<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>如<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ka-27</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SH-60
</span>海鷹、西科斯基
海妖<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、空中指揮與預警<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Ka-31)</span>、電子戰、超視距遠程反艦飛彈中繼<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Ka-25)</span>、運輸、搜救等任務<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(SH-3</span>海王<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">空軍直升機,擔負地面接近戰、基地附近巡弋<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>如<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AH-64</span>阿帕契直升機、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AH-1</span>眼鏡蛇、山貓式直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、近距離斥侯偵查<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>超級黃蜂式直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,及短距離運補工作。</p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">西歐主要直升機製造商為李奧納多公司<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Leonardo
S.p.A.) (</span>前身為 <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Agusta Westland)
</span>和空中巴士直升機集團<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Eurocopter
Group)</span>。 在北美,三大主要製造商是波音
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>波音直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Boeing
Vertol)</span>和麥道公司<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(McDonnell
Douglas))</span>、貝爾直升機<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Bell
Helicopter)</span>和塞考斯基飛機<span lang="zh-TW">公司</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Sikorsky
Aircraft)</span>。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在日本,直升機的三大主要製造商是日本綜合企業三菱、川崎和富士重工的航空部門。
這些公司最初採用基於與外國 <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>通常是美國<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)
</span>公司建立戰略合作夥伴關係的商業模式,授權生產這些公司的產品,同時<span lang="zh-TW">透</span>過工作分享和技術轉移過程建立自己的直升機設計和製造能力。
在印度,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited </span>是印度軍隊的主要直升機製造商。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在蘇聯計劃經濟制度中,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mil
</span>和 <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kamov OKB </span>僅負責直升機的設計。
<span lang="zh-TW">後來,</span>俄羅斯<span lang="zh-TW">的</span>直升機行業重組創建了俄羅斯直升機公司,這<span lang="zh-TW">是</span>控股公司,將
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mil</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kamov
</span>和其他直升機製造和維修廠集結在一起。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="title"></a><a name="productTitle"></a>
軍用ヘリコプター事典</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Google
Bard</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Micro
Soft Copilot</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-82153056716953158742024-02-11T06:00:00.034+08:002024-02-11T06:00:00.136+08:00放射性元素(Radioactive Element)-2024<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEwa-0U5QKJZFJZnL41A6nxHjb_JGuKCF4l1Ca-GWWAJ5WMzkDdP20ZUeAROB4M2Fveu4OUe6NJ_9Da7qWCzcReOnOk9om5dnnDqkrad-3TIk29kxPuEUzZoCb5qtyOoySEASDroHZZIkwH3-87N_wK-lxQA_6lp9anyCzCcaShDKI-saLviCxiSXiozE/s800/800px-RadioActivie%20Element.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="800" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEwa-0U5QKJZFJZnL41A6nxHjb_JGuKCF4l1Ca-GWWAJ5WMzkDdP20ZUeAROB4M2Fveu4OUe6NJ_9Da7qWCzcReOnOk9om5dnnDqkrad-3TIk29kxPuEUzZoCb5qtyOoySEASDroHZZIkwH3-87N_wK-lxQA_6lp9anyCzCcaShDKI-saLviCxiSXiozE/s320/800px-RadioActivie%20Element.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">image source: Wikipedia</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TgY2frSMsqQxCuad6YvktQgrBWDGuPfx8NNv9JD-PozZ6x8tYXzWVe9JieaXY8V3ATCWtitLJvgg5gj7fidzigMWTLzyiHFkD0aWSC3rwnLCYNJ19Wyv7TJ2lTMfVuUUYMKpfYuBtf7alEgeecbLq4SmrJG9gJIIWVsTogVbYQJWHIk4FiYCJ3kcEjg/s800/800px-Radioactive-Element.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="800" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TgY2frSMsqQxCuad6YvktQgrBWDGuPfx8NNv9JD-PozZ6x8tYXzWVe9JieaXY8V3ATCWtitLJvgg5gj7fidzigMWTLzyiHFkD0aWSC3rwnLCYNJ19Wyv7TJ2lTMfVuUUYMKpfYuBtf7alEgeecbLq4SmrJG9gJIIWVsTogVbYQJWHIk4FiYCJ3kcEjg/s320/800px-Radioactive-Element.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">image source:https://geeksforgeeks.org/</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Radioactive
Element)</span>是指原子核不穩定,會自發性地放出電離輻射而衰變成另一種核素,這種特性稱為放射性。衡量放射性的國際單位為貝克勒,傳統單位則為居里。原子核不穩定、具有放射性的核素稱為放射性核素或放射性同位素,其衰變時放出的能量稱為衰變能量。放射性元素的原子核會放射出游離輻射<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(β</span>粒子、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>粒子等次原子粒子和<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">X</span>射線、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">γ</span>射線等高能光子<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,衰變成其他元素<span style="color: #202122;"><span face="sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">。</span></span></span>
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素的發現實際上早於放射性的發現。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1789</span>年德國化學家馬丁<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>克拉普羅特在瀝青鈾礦中發現了鈾,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1828</span>年瑞典化學家永斯<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>貝采利烏斯在釷石中發現了釷。但當時「放射性」這一性質並不為人們所知,因此鈾和釷在發現後的很長一段時間內都只被看作是一般的重金屬元素。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1895</span>年德國物理學家威廉<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>倫琴發現<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">X</span>射線後,激起許多學者開始研究這類新的、具有巨大穿透能力的放射線現象,放射性才被發現。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1896</span>年,法國物理學家亨利<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>貝可勒在研究鈾鹽時發現了放射性。他發現鈾鹽在黑暗中會發出一種奇怪的光,這種光稱為「鈾光」。貝可勒進一步研究發現,這種光並非來自外界,而是鈾鹽本身發出的。他還發現,鈾鹽的放射性是一種原子核的性質,與化學元素的性質無關。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1897</span>年,歐尼斯特<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>拉塞福和約瑟夫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>湯姆森通過在磁場中研究鈾的放射線偏轉,發現鈾的放射線有帶正電,帶負電和不帶電三種,分別被稱為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>射線,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>射線和<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">γ</span>射線,相應的發出<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>射線衰變過程也就被命名為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>衰變。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1898</span>年法國<span lang="zh-TW">與波蘭</span>科學家居禮夫婦從瀝青鈾礦樣本中發現釙和鐳後,創造了「放射性」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(radioactivity)</span>一詞來定義這種重元素發射高能游離輻射的性質<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>後來該詞的定義被擴展到所有元素<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。在之後的幾年間科學家們陸續發現了多種放射性元素。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1899</span>年法國科學家德比埃爾內從鈾礦渣中分離出放射性元素錒。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1900</span>年,德國物理學家弗里德里希<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>道恩發現,含鐳化合物會散發一種放射性氣體。由於該氣體的光譜與氬、氪和氙相似,且該氣體呈化學惰性,因此威廉<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>拉姆齊於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1904</span>年猜測,該氣體可能是屬於惰性氣體一族的新元素。該元素後來被命名為氡。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1917</span>年,兩組科學家奧托<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>哈恩和莉澤<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>邁特納,以及德國和英國的弗雷德里克<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>索迪和約翰<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>克蘭斯登分別從瀝青鈾礦中分離出鏷。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1937</span>年,義大利物理學家卡羅<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>佩里爾和埃米利奧<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>塞戈雷從曾被用作迴旋加速器偏向板的鉬箔中分離出了第<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">43</span>號元素鎝。它是第一個用人工合成的方法製得的放射性元素,因此命名為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">technetium(</span>來自希臘文<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">τεχνητός</span>,意為「人造」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。但<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1962</span>年科學家發現自然界中也有痕量鎝的存在。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1939</span>年法國物理學家瑪格麗特<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>佩里在純化錒<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-227</span>時在其衰變產物中發現了鍅。鍅是最後一種從自然界中發現而不是在實驗室中人工合成出的元素。儘管有些元素最初是<span lang="zh-TW">先</span>藉由人工合成的方式發現,但之後才發現它們也存在於自然界中,例如鈽、砈、錼、鎝和鉕。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="cite_ref-EL93_29-0"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1940</span>年,戴爾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>科爾森、肯尼斯<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>羅斯<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>麥肯西和埃米利奧<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>塞戈雷在迴旋加速器中以<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>粒子轟擊鉍原子合成出砈。同年,埃德溫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>麥克米倫和菲力普<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>艾貝爾森以中子照射鈾原子合成出了<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">93</span>號元素錼,這是第一種被發現的超鈾元素<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>原子序大於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">92</span>號鈾的元素<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。隔年格倫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>西奧多<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>西博格、約瑟夫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>甘迺迪和埃德溫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>麥克米倫合成出第二個超鈾元素鈽<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>原子序<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">94)</span>。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1944</span>年,格倫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>西奧多<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>西博格和阿伯特<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>吉奧索等人合成並分離出<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">96</span>號元素鋦和<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">95</span>號元素鋂,它們是首批完全由人工合成的方式製得的純人造元素,不存在於自然界中。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1945</span>年,雅各布<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>馬林斯基、勞倫斯<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>格蘭丹寧和查爾斯<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>科耶爾在分析石墨反應爐中鈾燃料的分裂產物時發現了鉕,填補了週期表中<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">61</span>號元素的空白,至此所有原子序小於鈾的元素都已被發現。<span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">自<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1940</span>年第一個超鈾元素錼被成功合成後,在之後的數十年間世界各國的科學家們陸續合成出多種原子序更大的超鈾元素。其中<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">104</span>到<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">109</span>號超重元素的命名曾引起很大的爭論,這些爭論從<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1960</span>年代開始一直到<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1997</span>年才解決<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>參見超鐨元素爭議<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。隨著新發現元素的原子序逐步增大,原子核的穩定性也愈低,更重元素的合成及觀測難度也因此愈高。科學家們至今仍藉由人工核反應力圖發現更多的新元素。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">目前最新發現的元素為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2010</span>年合成出的鿬<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Tennessine,
Ts)</span>,而目前發現原子序最大的元素則是<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">118</span>號的鿫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Oganesson,
Og)</span>,於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2002</span>年合成出。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">另外,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">83</span>號元素鉍長久以來一直被認為是最重的穩定元素,但<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2003</span>年科學家發現其具有極其微弱的放射性,半衰期超過宇宙年齡的十億倍。故<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">82</span>號的鉛取而代之成為了原子序最大的穩定元素。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素的發現引起了物理學界的轟動,並開闢了一個新的科學領域——放射性物理學。放射性元素的發現也具有重要的應用價值,例如在醫學、工業、能源等領域。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素的種類很多,其中原子序數為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">83(</span>鈾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>以上的元素都屬於放射性元素。此外,原子序數為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">82(</span>鎘<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>的鎘,原子序數為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">81(</span>鎝<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>的鎝,原子序數為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">80(</span>鋇<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>的鋇,也都具有放射性同位素。<span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<!--more--><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素的衰變可以分為三種基本類型:<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>衰變、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>衰變和<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">γ</span>衰變。</p><ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>衰變:原子核發射一個<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>粒子,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>粒子是氦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-4</span>核,由兩個質子和兩個中子組成。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">α</span>衰變會使原子核的質子數減少<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>,中子數減少<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>,原子序數減少<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>,原子量減少<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span>。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>衰變:原子核發射一個<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>粒子,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>粒子是電子或<span lang="zh-TW">正電</span>子,其質量很小。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">β</span>衰變會使原子核的質子數增加<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span>或減少<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span>,原子序數增加<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span>或減少<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span>,原子量不變。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">γ</span>衰變:原子核的能量狀態發生變化,發射出<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">γ</span>射線。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">γ</span>射線是高能光子,其能量可以達到幾百萬電子伏特。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素的衰變是一個隨機的過程,其衰變速率用半衰期來表示。半衰期是指原子核中一半的放射性核素衰變所需的時間。例如,鈾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-238</span>的半衰期為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">45</span>億年,這意味著在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">45</span>億年內,鈾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-238</span>原子核中一半會衰變成鈾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-234</span>原子核。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素的應用非常廣泛,例如:</p><ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">醫學:放射性元素可以用於診斷和治療疾病,例如用於放射性治療癌症。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">工業:放射性元素可以用於工業生產,例如用於制造核<span lang="zh-TW">子</span>武器、核<span lang="zh-TW">能</span>電<span lang="zh-TW">廠</span>等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">能源:放射性元素可以用於發電,例如用於核<span lang="zh-TW">分裂發</span>電<span lang="zh-TW">廠</span>發電。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">科研:放射性元素可以用於科學研究,例如用於研究原子核結構等。</p>
</li></ul><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">放射性元素具有一定的危險性,其輻射可以對人體造成傷害。因此,在使用放射性元素時需要採取嚴格的安全措施。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">目前放射性元素有</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">1.
Technetium (Tc-91)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">2.
Promethium (Pm-145)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">3.
Polonium (Po-209)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">4.
Astatine (At-210)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">5.
Radon (Rn-222)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">6.
Francium (Fr-223)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">7.
Radium (Ra-226)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">8.
Actinium (Ac-227)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">9.
Thorium (Th-229)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">10.
Protactinium (Pa-231)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">11.
Uranium (U-238)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">12.
Neptunium (Np-237)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">13.
Plutonium (Pu-244)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">14.
Americium (Am-243)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">15.
Curium (Cm-247)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">16.
Berkelium (Bk-247)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">17.
Californium (Cf-251)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">18.
Einsteinium (Es-252)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">19.
Fermium (Fm-257)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">20.
Mendelevium (Md-258)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">21.
Nobelium (No-259)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">22.
Lawrencium (Lr-262)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">23.
Rutherfordium (Rf-265)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">24.
Dubnium (Db-268)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">25.
Seaborgium (Sg-271)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">26.
Bohrium (Bh-267)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">27.
Hassium (Hs-269)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">28.
Meitnerium (Mt-276)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">29.
Darmstadtium (Ds-281)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">30.
Roentgenium (Rg-281)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">31.
Copernicium (Cn-285)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">32.
Nihonium (Nh-284)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">33.
Flerovium (Fl-289)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">34.
Moscovium (Mc-289)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">35.
Livermorium (Lv-293)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">36.
Tennessine (Ts-294)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">37.
Oganesson (Og-294)</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">天然放射性元素:包括<span lang="zh-TW">釙</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Po)</span></span>、氡<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Rn)</span></span>、鍅
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Fr)</span></span>、<span lang="zh-TW">鐳</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Ra)</span></span>、<span lang="zh-TW">錒</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Ac)</span></span>、釷<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Th)</span></span>、鏷
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(Pa)</span></span>和<span lang="zh-TW">鈾</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-US">(U)</span></span>。
人工合成的放射性元素:例如<span lang="zh-TW">同步加速器</span>產<span lang="zh-TW">生</span>的放射性同位素
。 釷、<span lang="zh-TW">鈾</span>和<span lang="zh-TW">鉍</span>等三<span lang="zh-TW">種</span>原始放射性元素,這三個元素都有一個或多個半衰期極長的放射性同位素,發生衰變的速率非常緩慢。 </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Google
Bard</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Micro Soft CoPilot</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Newton
Press</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-70968822395314791232024-02-04T05:30:00.085+08:002024-02-04T14:09:45.675+08:00香水(Perfume)-2024<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBp1WWFRa0GtHFg_sA4B317YhPbq4FmR_0c-q4S48xIYTOacF4fVJ7mXOvSMFRb8y6c2nVnwbUgpJ1wOPnA76_9cw5S6HW-PcAUHFsCQt6sZ_ADQYyWB2GA8Y4J69AezDayzkrjgw7LhfadwYkxO74cODUr3s6qmRI1OU7MrzxIQ3vkRELkZBlLeRrFxo/s428/Wheel2.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="428" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBp1WWFRa0GtHFg_sA4B317YhPbq4FmR_0c-q4S48xIYTOacF4fVJ7mXOvSMFRb8y6c2nVnwbUgpJ1wOPnA76_9cw5S6HW-PcAUHFsCQt6sZ_ADQYyWB2GA8Y4J69AezDayzkrjgw7LhfadwYkxO74cODUr3s6qmRI1OU7MrzxIQ3vkRELkZBlLeRrFxo/s320/Wheel2.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiExf7KrbChqloujQ6Q6NBZE9tIQIEavCg1Sghh9i-5VjgDpXb9cyO2oJ1e0WRywrnq_PlWtMBm_qhS0zegWYTf05SjTYMRu1DAMT5QqbXY5788gPyFIrbsoaF8nFlxAMpZIN2gJzAT9jRv5lfo6GK7HIatKSTqiAB98i3fKDc8oQiU3_T8zMks8zwBFAY/s1024/Scent%20Wheel%204.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiExf7KrbChqloujQ6Q6NBZE9tIQIEavCg1Sghh9i-5VjgDpXb9cyO2oJ1e0WRywrnq_PlWtMBm_qhS0zegWYTf05SjTYMRu1DAMT5QqbXY5788gPyFIrbsoaF8nFlxAMpZIN2gJzAT9jRv5lfo6GK7HIatKSTqiAB98i3fKDc8oQiU3_T8zMks8zwBFAY/s320/Scent%20Wheel%204.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSryl7iMkvvn5ilCDiNkhYlPoPsRi5iifYjJ9oN4gExYlwfHFCRnrXcufXTI98-XCm07fknor0geqsLRkajAeHJCH1uqntGYNs8x9iSSZSMUbHYYmdV5zzegjxQsz5k9YJpralVBByCTukqPIjmBBqC1H1kZbD-NSjRt8-b_K15rKhLtgdLtlwilc85oQ/s1024/12%20Perfume.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSryl7iMkvvn5ilCDiNkhYlPoPsRi5iifYjJ9oN4gExYlwfHFCRnrXcufXTI98-XCm07fknor0geqsLRkajAeHJCH1uqntGYNs8x9iSSZSMUbHYYmdV5zzegjxQsz5k9YJpralVBByCTukqPIjmBBqC1H1kZbD-NSjRt8-b_K15rKhLtgdLtlwilc85oQ/s320/12%20Perfume.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">image source:Wikipedia & Micro Soft Copilot</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香水是由各種特性濃度的香精或化學香料萃取液、酒精和水分,依照不同的比例成分混合而成的,而香水的價格主要是由香精含量高低所決定,香精的濃度越高,價格也就越高。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">依<span lang="zh-TW">據</span>香精濃度</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">・香精<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Parfum)</span>:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香精濃度約<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20%-40%</span>,因濃度最高所以也屬於最持久的香精種類,日常生活比較不會使用此種香水,適用於正式的場合。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">・淡香精<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(EAU
DE PARFUM/EdP)</span>:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香精濃度<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">10%-20%</span>,比香精更淡一些,價格也較為親民,也是種類最多的香水。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">・淡香水<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(EAU
DE TOILETTE/EdE)</span>:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香精濃度約<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5%-10%</span>,若為香氛新手,淡香水是很好的入門香氛,味道不會太<span lang="zh-TW">濃烈</span>,很適合日常生活使用,但缺點就是會比較不持香喔!</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">・古龍水<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(EAU
DE COLAGNE/EdC)</span>:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香精濃度<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3%-5%</span>,大家可能會以為古龍水是男性在使用的香水,但其實是因為依據男性使用香水的需求將味道調淡,而讓大家有這種刻板印象。</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">清香水</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(EAU
DE SENTEUR/EdS) </span>
</p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香精濃度只有<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1%-3%</span>左右,留香時間也不長,但可以散發自然體香感覺。
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="依據品牌定位"></a>依據品牌定位</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">商業香水<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Designer
Perfume)</span>:又稱「設計師香水」,通常由時裝品牌所推出,而香水並非該品牌主要經營的產品。商業香水的特色為較追求大眾消費者的喜好、話題性與品牌認同,因此時裝品牌大多聘請已成名調香師操刀商業香水設計。商業香水後來也指行銷據點廣泛,消費者容易取得的香水產品。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">沙龍香水<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Niche
Perfume)</span>:由專營香水的品牌所推出,通常也經營香氛類副產品。沙龍香水品牌多由調香師所創立,其中不乏資深調香師家族企業。沙龍香水的特色為強調個性、獨特,調香師擁有較大藝術創作自由,往往也不以大量生產、銷售為目標。</p>
</li></ul>
<span>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<a name='more'></a></span><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Note)</span>指香料氣味的種類,借<span lang="zh-TW">用</span>了音樂術語之音調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>音符<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,常以香調輪<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Fragrance
Wheel)</span>圖式來表達香調的分類與關係,最著名之香調輪由英國調香師<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Michael
Edwards</span>於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1992</span>年提出。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">最基礎的香調依據英國調香師Michael Edward的香水香調可分為:花香調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Floral)</span>、清新調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Fresh)</span>、木質調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Woody)</span>、東方調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Oriental)</span><span lang="zh-TW">四大香調與後來新增的馥奇調</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Aromatic)</span>,每個基礎香調下還有更細膩的分類。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">花香調可細分為花香<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Floral)</span>、柔美花香<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Soft
Floral)</span>、東方花香<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Floral
Oriental)</span>;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">清新調可細分為柑橘<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Citrus)</span>、綠葉<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Green)</span>、水生<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Water)</span>;果香調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Fruity)</span>介於花香和清新之間;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">木質調可細分為木質<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Woods)</span>、乾燥木質<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Dry
Woods)</span>、柑苔木質<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Mossy
Woods</span>,又稱西普調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Chypre</span>,主要指柑橘、勞丹脂、橡木苔的香料組合,由來為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1917</span>年同名香水<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>;</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">東方調可細分為柔美東方<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Soft
Oriental)</span>、東方<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Oriental)</span>、東方木質<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Woody
Oriental)</span>。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">馥奇調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Aromatic</span>或<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fougère)</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">可獨立於四大調之外,由來為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1882</span>年知名香水皇家馥奇<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Fougère
Royale)</span>,通常綜合運用多個香調,並以薰衣草、香豆素、橡木苔等香料為主角。隨著香水工業的發展,許多嶄新的香調逐漸問世,也使香調分類更為豐富,例如美食調與皮革調。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">除了上述五個香調外,目前也流行以下三種香調:</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">苔香調/西普調</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">苔香調的香水層次豐富,給人一種優雅、獨立堅強的形象,通常這類型的香調會由蘚苔、佛手柑、廣藿香等元素組成,有點帶有潮濕的森林味道,也給人濃郁溫暖的感覺。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">皮革調</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">皮革調給人乾燥溫暖,帶點原始的橡木膠甚至是煙燻味,常常使用比較強烈的菸草或是木頭等成分,就如同穿上皮衣一般給人質感奢華的形象,適合正式的場合使用。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">美食調</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">美食調香水的誕生要回溯到1992年,調香師蒂埃里·穆格勒運用焦糖、巧克力、香草、蜂蜜等食物調製出史上第一罐美食調香水「Mugler Angel天使香水」。其他的食物香調還有牛奶、棉花糖、咖啡、太妃糖、杏仁等,給人一種如同吃了美食之後會有放鬆愉悅的滿足感。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">各種香氣分子的揮發速度不同,氣味強度也存在差異,影響了不同香料的持香時間。經典的香水配方通常利用香料的揮發速度與持香時間來製造三組香調變化,稱為:前調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(top
note)</span>、中調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(middle
note</span>或<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">heart
note</span>,又稱心調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、後調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(base
note</span>,又稱基調、底調、尾調<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。前調在香水噴出時最突出,約可維持<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5</span>~<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">10</span>分鐘,常使用柑橘調;中調是香水的核心香材,約可維持<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>小時;後調約可維持<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span>小時以上,常使用木質調。根據網路調查顯示,木質調花香調最受能被消費者接受,而香水行銷時經常提供「香調表」讓消費者理解其香氣設計與前、中、後調變化,然而香調表列出之單一香調不一定代表單一香料,往往由天然香料與數種化學合成單體香料搭配模擬而成。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="香料運用"></a>香料運用</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="植物類"></a>植物類</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">最大宗的天然香料為植物精油,可提取植物的枝葉、花、果皮香氣。難以透過蒸餾取得的植物可利用脂吸法、溶劑萃取法等方式取得原精<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Absolute),有部分植物香精物種也屬於國際公約(Cites)保護,目前則以化學工業合成品取代,而某些花卉的香精價格高昂,如保加利亞玫瑰香精一公斤價格高達數萬美元,除非是高價的沙龍香水,否則低價的花卉香精可能也是以化學合成品取代</span>。
</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">玫瑰<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Rose)(</span><span lang="zh-TW">香精通常取至突厥薔薇或百葉薔薇</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">茉莉<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Jasmine)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">橙花<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Orange
Blossom)</span>與橙花油<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Neroli)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香堇菜<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Violet)(</span><span lang="zh-TW">誤稱紫羅蘭</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">鳶尾根<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Orris)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">薰衣草<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(lavender)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香檸檬<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Bergamot)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">廣藿香<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Patchouli)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香根草<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Vetiver)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">檀香<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Sandalwood)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">乳香<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Frankincense)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">沒藥<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Myrrh)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">零陵香豆<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Tonka)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">香莢蘭<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Vanilla)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name=".E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9.E9.A1.9E"></a><a name="動物類"></a>
動物類</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">動物類香料由於許多來源動物已列為<span lang="zh-TW">國際公約</span>保育<span lang="zh-TW">物種</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Cites)</span>而被禁用,現多以化學合成。</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">龍涎香</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">麝香</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">麝香貓</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">海狸香</p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E5.90.88.E6.88.90"></a><a name="化學合成"></a>
化學合成</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1830</span>至<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1889</span>年,隨著化學工業發展,化學合成之單體香料逐漸廣泛應用於香水業。例如<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1833</span>年法國科學家成功從肉桂精油提取之肉桂醛。一般而言,化學合成物從發現到應用於香水製造之週期約需<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>年。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1860</span>年水楊酸問世,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1868</span>年英國化學家威廉<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>珀金以其為基礎合成出香豆素,這一新香料最早應用於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1882</span>年霍比格恩特公司的「皇家馥奇」,成為第一支馥奇調的香水。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1880</span>年代喹啉問世,其帶有一種強烈奇特的煙熏、皮革氣味,推動了<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>世紀初皮革調香水誕生,並漸受市場歡迎。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1898</span>年甲基香堇酮<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>又誤稱甲基紫羅蘭酮<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>問世,其帶有鳶尾花、香菫菜<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>中文經常誤譯為紫羅蘭,兩者實為不同物種<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>香氣以及木質後調,此原料一時蔚為潮流,首位使用它的調香師是弗朗索瓦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>科蒂,應用於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1905</span>年創作的「牛至」中。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">化學合成單體香料具備性質穩定、產量易控、價格低廉的優勢,如今已成為香水業之主流原料,也使得香水在模擬自然香氣方面更細膩、更具彈性,也提供藝術性創作更大發揮空間。而隨著氣味分析技術的發展,香精香料公司得以陸續開發出許多嶄新香水原料,也激發調香師調配出新氣味甚至新香調。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name=".E9.A6.99.E8.AA.BF.E6.A8.A1.E6.93.AC"></a><a name="香調模擬"></a>
香調模擬</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">有許多香水中經常使用的香調,由於天然來源稀有昂貴,或不易提取出精油或原精,又或者含有致敏物質,因此大多以化學合成的單體香料來取代,或者尋找氣味相近的香料來模擬。例如:</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">鈴蘭<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Lily
of the Valley)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">牡丹<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Peony)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">橡樹苔<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Oak
moss)</span></p></li></ul><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Marie Claire</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Vogue</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Microsoft Copilot<br /></span>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><br />
</p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-17786844485393333952024-01-28T06:00:00.281+08:002024-02-05T20:43:46.660+08:00產業(Industry)-2024<p></p>
<p> </p><p class="14pt----對齊邊線-cjk"><br />
</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQNd9IYzzJIzUIEfrCD-UXHGKnFvOQOmkpjP11Hqz8u6cqd98pFGN1TNFm-53iXLHToGXPU1BA1yq_nNy44nfpnDX3vZi4O-jP2GDVYedNVBSIN3-i4FP1jAFACJDnXbjHNKlwqokK2VWGJz_5nndjYXyBqGfj7qVl-8D6r0W1KbrIH-jNwW5nO8P_q7M/s1024/Industry.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQNd9IYzzJIzUIEfrCD-UXHGKnFvOQOmkpjP11Hqz8u6cqd98pFGN1TNFm-53iXLHToGXPU1BA1yq_nNy44nfpnDX3vZi4O-jP2GDVYedNVBSIN3-i4FP1jAFACJDnXbjHNKlwqokK2VWGJz_5nndjYXyBqGfj7qVl-8D6r0W1KbrIH-jNwW5nO8P_q7M/s320/Industry.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Image source: Micro Soft Copilot </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">經濟學上的</span>產業分類由<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1939</span>年代英國經濟學家阿<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>費希爾最早提出,他當時為紐西蘭奧塔哥大學教授,在其所著《安全與進步的衝突》一書中,他把第一、二產業以外的所有經濟活動統稱為第三產業;之後產生很多分類方法,各國分法雖略有不同但是幾乎都大致相同。近代又從第三類延伸出第四與第五類產業,也就是本身無明顯利潤但是可以提升其他產業利潤的公共產業,以及<span lang="zh-TW">展</span>現出文化與創意的文<span lang="zh-TW">化</span>創意產業。
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">英國經濟學家、統計學家柯林<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>克拉克透過費希爾的三級產業分類法,對三級產業結構的變化與經濟發展的關係進行了大量的實證分析<span lang="zh-TW">。</span>工業革命前,人類經濟產業以第一級產業為主,農業、林業<span lang="zh-TW">、礦</span>業、<span lang="zh-TW">畜牧</span>業<span lang="zh-TW">與採礦業</span>等等。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在工業革命後,第二產業大量出現,各種製造業利用機器生產,取代以往家庭手工業式的生產,生產力大大提高。第二產業佔的經濟<span lang="zh-TW">產值</span>日漸<span lang="zh-TW">增加</span>,<span lang="zh-TW">逐漸</span>取代第一產業的主導地位,也帶領人類的生活水<span lang="zh-TW">準</span>迅速提升。在國家發展的層面上,<span lang="zh-TW">幾乎</span>每個已開發國家也必經這個階段,稱為工業化,著名例子有日本的明治維新。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">踏入<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>世紀,在已開發國家的大量資金及勞力流入第三產業後,第二產業作<span lang="zh-TW">為世界</span>主導的時代也日漸遠去。其中一個<span lang="zh-TW">最</span>可能的原因是,長久的工業發展使國民收入上升,<span lang="zh-TW">個人</span>工資也連帶上升。於是傳統工業大國在勞力密集工業上的優勢,漸漸轉入工資低廉的開發中國家手中,例如香港的工業北移現象、亞洲四小龍的興起,以及後來東南亞<span lang="zh-TW">與</span>中國<span lang="zh-TW">跟印度</span>的興起。已開發國家的產業結構於是轉型成以第三產業及資本密集的<span lang="zh-TW">高附加價值的</span>高科技工業為主。國民收入<span lang="zh-TW">更進一步主導</span>決定產業結構,產業結構也影響一個國家的財政收入,兩者是互<span lang="zh-TW">相</span>影響的。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">不過隨著時代的變化,不太容易找到既可以衡量產業產值及經濟效果,又可和以往相比較的指標。例如以往經濟效果可以用製造的工作機會來表示,因此一個產業區塊的僱用人數減少,往往代表此產業的競爭力不足,但近來精益生產也會帶來這様的情形,可能一條生產線僅由一至二個人管理即可,像目前菸<span lang="zh-TW">草產</span>業就是如此。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">費歇爾的三級產業分類法<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>及以之為基本的五級產業分類法<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>在1930年代提出,距今歷時已久。而人類科技水準不斷提升及經濟不斷發展,也出現了很多新興行業,產業結構亦與費希爾身處的年代大為不同。因此三級產業分類法浮現了一些缺陷。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">有些行業分類模糊。有些行業分在多於一種產業也說得通。例如室內裝修裝潢,它既是一種服務,理應歸入第三產業,但它亦是對未完成品<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>空單位<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>的加工,亦可作為第二產業。例如能源行業,它既是加工,又是服務,如果是一些可再生能源如<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>風能、太陽能<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>亦可稱為第一產業。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第三產業過於複雜。由於生活水準提升,各種新服務出現,同樣是第三產業,行業性質可以相距甚遠。舉例說,補鞋匠與醫生、律師同屬第三產業,以籠統粗略的分類企圖對經濟發展進行分析,顯然是困難重重的。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">針對以上一點,有人提出把科技知識的行業從第三產業獨立出來<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>事實上這些行業也不一定是在提供「服務」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,稱為第四產業。但第四產業的說法仍未完全普及,也未統一,有人認為非牟利的公共事業為第四產業,但也有人認為那應該是第六產業。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">近年來,文化產業和創意產業在各國發展迅速,因而出現了新的第五產業,用以指表現文化、創意等行業及其工作<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>包括文化作品、創意科技產物、藝術表演等<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">目前除了前三級產業有比較明確的定義外,但依各國的實際需求不同,前三級產業的定義也會略作調整。至於目前四級以上的產業,仍尚未有學者或專家提出一套完整的定義方式,各國法規或實際運作上也沒有一個明確的規範與定義。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">也許在不久的將來,人類在地球以外的行衛星建立太空基地或城市甚至國家與聯邦或邦聯後,應用新的科學技術(量子技術與狹義與廣義相對論)、生化醫療技術(幹細胞、3D列印真實器官等)與電機電子量子科技(室溫超導、量子糾纏通訊、量子電腦、行衛星際通訊系統、AI、智慧機器人),航太產業(小行星採礦、行衛星資源探測、無人機)、行衛星地球化工程(生化技術或智慧機械改造)等,也應該會產生更新的科技文化甚至產業。在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">21</span>世紀很多20世紀科幻電影的情節或科技已不再僅止於想像或電影情節,而是已經進入你我的日常生活中,或許人類第一位資產上兆美元的超級富翁就是建立在跨行衛星企業的創辦人或總裁身上,而更多可以讓人類更長壽與外表年輕化的生技與醫療技術產業也在不斷的進展中,並有更複雜的產業模式。</p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">但產業的資本與技術密集化發展也非全然沒有缺點,會造成更大的貧富差距,目前全世界約80億人(2023),但仍有18-25億人活在3美元貧窮線以下,過度的產業發展與產業巨頭與寡頭化會更加劇貧富差距,也因此西方國家多數皆制定反托拉斯法來防止企業壟斷某一產業或資源。</p></div><span><div style="text-align: left;">
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p></div>
<a name='more'></a></span></div><table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
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<p align="CENTER">產業</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第一產業</p>
<p>採集業</p>
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<p>農林牧漁<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>農業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>糧食、水果、蔬菜、花卉、經濟作物、漢藥材<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、林業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>家具與造紙用<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、畜牧業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>酪農業、毛絨類動物與肉類動物<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、漁業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>水產養殖、養珠類與近遠洋漁業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">))</span>、採礦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>石油、油頁岩、煤礦、金屬礦、非金屬礦、寶石、放射性元素<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第二產業</p>
<p>製造業</p>
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<p>冶金、製造業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>火車<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>鐵路列車、高速鐵路列車、捷運列車<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、汽車、建築與工程車輛、摩托車、自行車、機械、航空、太空、船舶、國防、文具<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、寵物醫療及用品與飼料、電子電機產品、建築與土木基礎建設、手工業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>傳統工藝品或手工輕工業產品<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、食品<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>水產肉類加工、罐頭、飲料、酒、菸草、巧克力、咖啡、調味料、醃製食品、食品添加物<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、紡織<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>紡織工業、染整工業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、水利、皮草(人道方式)、造紙、化學<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>石化、塑料、化學品<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、橡膠產業、生技<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>藥品、疫苗、人造肉類、保健品、幹細胞、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">FMCG</span>、醫療電子、核子醫學<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、電子工業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>半導體<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(4C</span>與新興電子產業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">IC)</span>、電子零組件、電子製造、智慧家電、智慧機械<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、能源<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>電力、可再生能源<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>水力、風力、太陽光熱電、潮汐能<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、地熱能、核能<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>潔淨核分裂、核融合<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、智慧電網<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、資源回收、實體廣告</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第三產業</p>
<p>服務業</p>
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<td width="562">
<p>資訊技術<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>軟體、線上服務、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">fintech)</span>、運輸業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>客貨、陸海空運與太空<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、通路商、物流業、量販商、零售商、電信業、金融、保險、旅宿<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>飯店或旅館、餐飲<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、酒店、性產業</p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第四產業</p>
<p>資訊娛樂</p>
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<td width="562">
<p>創意<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(攝影、</span>電影、音樂、舞蹈、戲劇、動漫畫、電子遊戲、電子書、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AI</span>、網路直播<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、時尚<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>服裝、鞋類、精品、首飾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、廣播<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>媒體業、無線電、電視<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、文化、醫療衛生產業(醫療、醫美)、專業服務、體育<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>職業、業餘、電子競技<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、不動產交易、教育(一般或補教)、娛樂業<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>演藝、博奕、線上博奕<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、內容<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>影音、動畫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>、手工藝<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>繪畫、雕刻、藝術品、建築物藝術品<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第五產業</p>
<p>文化語言</p>
</td>
<td width="562">
<p>語言產業、出版業、政府組織、學術研究、科技研發、藝術表演活動、宗教活動與節慶、其他</p>
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</tbody></table><p class="14pt----對齊邊線-cjk">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Reference</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Google Bard</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Micro Soft Copilot</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">一本書讀懂經濟學</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-51364324044620252152024-01-21T06:00:00.062+08:002024-03-16T19:08:37.499+08:00稀土元素(Rare-Earth Element,REE)-2024<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5xMLo6sYKueC7SWgn-NZAiUovlCvIlwuhBjhZ83-nOS4_ReMUM9bsNBQ6kCsaJOWBrcBCPFvCulwly9SK3vLP65lRpy3hhYUSSE2WB9oRl9gP_o6JsdlLN8310gj4ueMxYMZb4fkyge_8-asIcM-n3F2iQGbzuocJ0RiS_d6JFzTR6sQ-I9kFlO0XQpA/s805/800px-REE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="805" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5xMLo6sYKueC7SWgn-NZAiUovlCvIlwuhBjhZ83-nOS4_ReMUM9bsNBQ6kCsaJOWBrcBCPFvCulwly9SK3vLP65lRpy3hhYUSSE2WB9oRl9gP_o6JsdlLN8310gj4ueMxYMZb4fkyge_8-asIcM-n3F2iQGbzuocJ0RiS_d6JFzTR6sQ-I9kFlO0XQpA/s320/800px-REE.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHqu_A8nvufpvaBTMv2aAA44mHXzmTxCC_igGsEwkSemRSNELPNWYVhGB3qaKXmGdFymDj8lCMQPi5-jtn9ifQSLfxTvZCVbuKOf4I1PThx1Lz4twnrIM83nBjqQY0f1__KM4pU7hyphenhyphenvR6_kliSbwdkLqcJaa7gmYfO8F8UuIMIDoZsF1ItVYkIOW0Y_s/s800/800px-REE%20Application.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="800" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHqu_A8nvufpvaBTMv2aAA44mHXzmTxCC_igGsEwkSemRSNELPNWYVhGB3qaKXmGdFymDj8lCMQPi5-jtn9ifQSLfxTvZCVbuKOf4I1PThx1Lz4twnrIM83nBjqQY0f1__KM4pU7hyphenhyphenvR6_kliSbwdkLqcJaa7gmYfO8F8UuIMIDoZsF1ItVYkIOW0Y_s/s320/800px-REE%20Application.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNJvSuAHPMDbqk3H_eWycN-h9-bhT99ysWwhO_0RAGn2rSFaz2YWb4fke4y3WbwB8bAA4Q8-aUDerex1I4QxSGdWj_Y6xXWjNPesd0SH4OOK443PMXoyNfEeDSDRx-jlpwxj3OI1TTMfmYw5m9Q-cg4UZjpv5REqDS9wv8Vt724WIvLcoTaJ1NubvezQ/s800/800px-Rare-Earth%20Element.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="800" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNJvSuAHPMDbqk3H_eWycN-h9-bhT99ysWwhO_0RAGn2rSFaz2YWb4fke4y3WbwB8bAA4Q8-aUDerex1I4QxSGdWj_Y6xXWjNPesd0SH4OOK443PMXoyNfEeDSDRx-jlpwxj3OI1TTMfmYw5m9Q-cg4UZjpv5REqDS9wv8Vt724WIvLcoTaJ1NubvezQ/s320/800px-Rare-Earth%20Element.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">image source:Internet</div><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="cite_ref-ASella2016_1-0"></a><a name="cite_ref-2"></a><a name="cite_ref-3"></a>
稀土元素<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(<span lang="en">rare-earth
element</span></span>,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">REE)</span>,或稱稀土金屬,是元素週期表上第<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span>族之鈧、釔和鑭系元素共<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">17</span>種金屬化學元素的合稱,皆屬於副族元素。稀土元素皆為質地較軟的銀白色金屬,彼此之間具有非常相似的化學性質,且總是在礦床中共生,非常難以分離、提取,因此提煉稀土元素並不容易,且開採稀土金屬會造成嚴重的生態環境破壞,原本美國跟澳洲才是稀土的最大生產國,但由於環保法規限制只能以較高成本與環保的方式開採稀土,因此開採成本高於中國,中國因此才得以低價競爭變成稀土最大出產國,且動輒以禁止稀土出口作為政治或貿易手段。近年雖在日本近海海床找到新的稀土礦脈,且蘊藏量頗豐,但短期除非有新型態的採礦方式出現,不然終究只是一場未竟之夢。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="cite_ref-Haxel02_4-0"></a>實際上稀土元素在地殼中的豐度並不算低<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>放射性的鉕除外<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,其中含量最高的鈰在地殼元素豐度排名第<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">25</span>,占<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">0.0068%</span>,與銅相當。雖然稀土元素並不稀有,但由於其地球化學特性,它們在地殼中的分佈相當分散,很少有稀土元素富集到容許商業開採的程度;此外,其彼此之間相似的化學性質導致它們傾向於兩兩或多種一起伴生於礦物中,而難以將稀土元素透過簡單的化學或物理方式彼此單獨分離,導致開採和提取上相當困難或成本高昂,因此被稱為「稀土」元素。稀土元素在礦藏中常與放射性錒系元素共生,以釷為主,鈾礦中較為少見。鉕是稀土元素中唯一的放射性元素,且其所有同位素的半衰期都很短,在自然界中主要作為鈾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">-238</span>自發分裂的產物而痕量生成於鈾礦中,含量極為稀少。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第一種被人類發現的稀土礦物是矽鈹釔礦,一種主要由鈰、釔、鈹、鐵、矽等元素組成的黑色礦物,<span lang="zh-TW">在</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1787</span>年從瑞典伊特比村的礦井中所提取出,有四種稀土元素的英文名稱都是源自於此地<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>釔、鋱、鉺和鐿<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。<span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在元素週期表的各類金屬元素中,稀土金屬的活潑性僅次於鹼金屬和鹼土金屬元素,其中鑭系元素的反應性有隨著原子序數增加而逐漸降低的趨勢<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>銪和鐿除外<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。室溫下,稀土金屬在空氣中表面會逐漸失去光澤;與冷水接觸會反應生成氫氧化物並釋出氫氣;與水蒸氣接觸則會反應生成氧化物。在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">400°C</span>以上的高溫中會自燃。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">稀土元素及其化合物在絕大多數生物體內並沒有已知的生物學功能,且其水溶性化合物具有輕度至中度毒性,但則沒有難溶性化合物。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">稀土元素在電氣及電子元件、雷射<span lang="zh-TW">元件</span>、有色或高強度玻璃、磁鐵和工業及化學催化劑等領域中有著多樣且廣泛的應用,但由於它們在產業中不像鐵和鋁等卑金屬需要使用龐大的體積或消耗巨大的用量,且大多應用於較專業的用途,因此它們的名稱和屬性在日常生活中並不十分為人所知。其中最容易見到的可能是磁性很強的釹磁鐵<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>人造永磁體<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,在一些商家作為新奇的玩具出售,不過稀土金屬在很多電子產品、汽車產業與航太工業都會用到。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">稀土金屬包括<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span>個鑭系元素:鑭<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(La)</span>、鈰<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Ce)</span>、鐠<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Pr)</span>、釹<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Nd)</span>、鉕<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Pm)</span>、釤<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Sm)</span>、銪<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Eu)</span>、釓<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Gd)</span>、鋱<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Tb)</span>、鏑<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Dy)</span>、鈥<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Ho)</span>、鉺<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Er)</span>、銩<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Tm)</span>、鐿<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Yb)</span>、鎦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Lu)</span>以及與鑭系元素密切相關的兩個元素:釔<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Y)</span>和鈧<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Sc)</span>。
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Reference</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Newton Press</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-29619591730717285962024-01-14T06:00:00.036+08:002024-01-21T20:10:23.838+08:00世界主要汽車集團(World Major Automobile Groups)-2024<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3JMnnAbORpi4t2kGEJiwkbdGDVq74q2Z2PMihcwpakZTZSDkp0N17Qjd9qOF7KlR1aIciR3aLojnTP_-Ibw9zL4DnVtGJYVT4fP_q8SqmRZzRb3Pv0Og2jNPc1QSKOI3BSGsys97rWbOu5FYxC1KamfpTh9oJAkW-8uUJzXF7y-hmEvz-Rka9jjDUMI/s1200/800px-Car%20Brands.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ3JMnnAbORpi4t2kGEJiwkbdGDVq74q2Z2PMihcwpakZTZSDkp0N17Qjd9qOF7KlR1aIciR3aLojnTP_-Ibw9zL4DnVtGJYVT4fP_q8SqmRZzRb3Pv0Og2jNPc1QSKOI3BSGsys97rWbOu5FYxC1KamfpTh9oJAkW-8uUJzXF7y-hmEvz-Rka9jjDUMI/s320/800px-Car%20Brands.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">image source:Internet</div><p>世界主要的汽車集團目前僅剩下十幾個大型跨國性汽車集團,以及少數幾個單獨品牌的汽車大廠,當然也有只活躍於單一國家的汽車品牌。目前隨著純電動車的興起,未來越多的跨國性汽車集團也加入電動車市場的戰局,且相關的綠能電廠以及充電站甚至智慧電網等基礎設施,也隨著電動車的發展逐漸發展茁壯。<span></span></p><p>目前世界的汽車主要生產國有兩類,一個是以跨國性品牌為主,並具備完整汽車供應鏈與跨國性通路且具備整車或關鍵零組件的自主研究、開發與生產的能力,如美、日、德、義、英、法、韓、捷克以及瑞典,而另一類則是以汽車代工或本國汽車市場為主如台灣、澳洲、加拿大、西班牙、印度、中國、巴西、越南、泰國與南非等等,尚無法具備整車上中下游的完整開發能力。</p>
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<a name='more'></a><p></p><p>
</p><p class="14pt----對齊邊線-cjk">
</p><table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="85*"></col>
<col width="85*"></col>
<col width="85*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Car
Group</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marque</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Commercial</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Toyota</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Toyota</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lexus</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Daihatsu</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Subaru</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hino</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">VolksWagon
Group</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">VolksWagon</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Lamborghini</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Porsche</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Bentley</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Bugatti</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ducati</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Škoda
</span>
</p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Seat</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Audi</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">MAN</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Scania</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<h1 class="cjk"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, Source Serif Pro, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">General
Motors</span></span></span></h1>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Buick</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cadillac</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chevrolet</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Opel</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Holden</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Vauxhall</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">GMC</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wuling
Motors</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Baojun</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hyundai</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hyundai</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kia</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ford</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ford</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lincoln</span></span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Troller<span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nissan</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Infiniti</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Datsun</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mitsubishi</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Renault</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dacia</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alpine</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Samsung</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Honda</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Honda</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Acura</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Stellantis</span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fiat</span></span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Maserati
</span>
</p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alfa
Romeo</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lancia</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Abarth</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chrysler</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jeep</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">RAM
</span></span>
</p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dodge</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Peugeot</span></span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Citroën</span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DS
AUTOMOBILES</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">BMW
Group</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">BMW</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">MINI</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rolls-Royce</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Daimler</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mercedes-Benz</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">smart</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Maybach</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Daimler
Truck </span>
</p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Daimler
Bus</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fuso
</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tata
Group</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tata
Motors</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tata
Daewoo</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Land-Rover</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Jaguar</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Geely</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Volvo</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
Lodon Taxi Company</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Geely</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mahindra</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mahindra</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Pininfarina</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Automobili
Pininfarina</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SsangYong</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SAIC</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SAIC
Motor</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MG
Motor</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Maxus</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">LDV</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Roewe</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Others</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tesla</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mazda</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SUZUKI</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ferarri</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mclaren</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Aston
Martin</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Pagani</span></p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Koenigsegg
Regera </span>
</p>
<p class="cjk"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Lotus
Group</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Isuzu</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Paccar</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Local</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Luxgen</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hindustan</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AutoVAZ</span></p>
<p class="cjk" lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GAZ</span></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bustech</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Marcopolo</span></span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">KamAZ</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p></p><p>Reference</p><p>Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</p><p>https://www.whichcar.com.au/car-advice/car-manufacturer-brands-family-tree</p><p>Auto Veteran FB Page</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-5254781753855711952024-01-07T05:30:00.007+08:002024-01-07T05:30:00.144+08:00微機電系統(Microelectromechanical Systems-MEMS)-2024<p> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電系統<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(<span lang="en">Microelectromechanical
Systems/</span>MEMS)</span>是將微電子技術與機械工程融合到一起的一種工業技術,它的操作範圍在微米尺度內。微機電系統由尺寸為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span>至<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">100</span>微米<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(0.001</span>至<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">0.1</span>毫米<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>的部件組成,一般微機電裝置的通常尺寸在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>微米到一毫米之間。微機電系統在日本稱微機械<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(micromachines)</span>,在歐洲稱微系統技術<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Micro
Systems
Technology</span>,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MST)</span>。比微機電系統更小,在奈米範圍的類似技術稱為奈機電系統<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Nanoelectromechanical
Systems</span>,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NEMS)</span>。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電是一種結合了微電子技術和機械技術的新型技術。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS
</span>系統通常由微型尺寸的機械元件和電子元件組成,可以用於各種應用,包括傳感器、控制器、和執行器<span lang="zh-TW">等</span>。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電的應用非常廣泛,包括:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">*
</span>傳感器:微機電傳感器可以用來測量各種物理量,例如壓力、溫度、加速度、光線、和濕度。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">*
</span>控制器:微機電控制器可以用來控制各種設備,例如機器人、醫療器械、和汽車。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">*
</span>執行器:微機電執行器可以用來產生各種運動,例如推力、拉力、和扭矩。<span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電系統與分子奈米技術或分子電子學的超前概念不同。它們內部通常包含一個微處理器和若干取得外界資訊的微型感測器。相比大尺寸的機械裝置,由於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>的大表面積與體積比,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>在設計時需要考慮環境電磁作用<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>例如靜電荷和磁矩<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>和流體動力學<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>例如表面張力和粘度<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>。
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>技術與分子奈米技術或分子電子學的區別在於後者還必須考慮表面化學。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電系統的實現得力於用來製造電子裝置的半導體加工技術,並加以改造,使微機電系統可以應用到實際上。這些加工方式包含了微米等級的模塑成型<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(molding)</span>、鍍層<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(plating)</span>、濕<span lang="zh-TW">式</span>蝕刻<span lang="zh-TW">法</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>氫氧化鉀,四甲基氫氧化銨<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>和乾<span lang="zh-TW">式</span>蝕刻<span lang="zh-TW">法</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(RIE</span>和<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">DRIE)</span>、放電加工<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(EDM)</span>,和其他一些能夠製造微小型裝置的加工方式。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電系統應用的一個知名實例是在蘋果公司的行動通訊裝置中,該公司較新的手機用<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>振盪器取代以往的石英晶體振盪器產生時脈訊號,但由於氦原子會滲入<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>積體電路的封裝內,改變<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>振盪電路的工作情況,因此使氦氣影響了<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">iPhone</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Apple
Watch</span>和<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">iPad</span>等裝置的使用,以致使用者處於不知覺氦氣洩漏環境的時候手機失效,直到離開氦氣洩漏環境一段時間,氦氣消散後才恢復,此事經媒體報導後廣為人知。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電系統是微米大小的機械系統,其中也包括不同形狀的三維平板印刷產生的系統。這些系統的大小一般在微米到毫米之間。在這個大小範圍中日常的物理經驗往往不適用。比如由於微機電系統的面積對體積比比一般日常生活中的機械系統要大得多,其表面現象如靜電、潤濕等比體積現象如慣性或熱容量等要重要。它們一般是由類似於生產半導體的技術如表面微加工、體型微加工等技術製造的。其中包括更改的矽加工方法如壓延、電鍍、濕蝕刻、干蝕刻、放電加工等等。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">生產微機電系統的公司的大小各不相同。大的公司主要集中於為汽車、生物醫學或電子工業生產大批次的便宜的系統。成功的小公司則集中於生產創新的技術。所有這些公司都致力於研究開發。隨著感測器的發展微機電系統的複雜性和效率不斷提高。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">常見應用有:</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在噴墨印表機里作為壓電元件</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在汽車裡作為加速規來控制碰撞時安全氣囊防護系統的施用</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在汽車裡作為陀螺<span lang="zh-TW">儀</span>來測定汽車傾斜,控制動態穩定控制系統</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在輪胎<span lang="zh-TW">裡</span>作為壓力感測器,在醫學上測量血壓</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">數位微鏡晶片</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微型麥克風陣列</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEMS</span>微型投影儀</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">在電腦網路中充當光交換系統,這是一個與智慧型技術的<span lang="zh-TW">整</span>合</p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">微機電技術仍在不斷發展,未來可能會在以下方面取得突破:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">*
</span>微型化:微機電系統的尺寸將會越來越小,從而可以用於更小的設備。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">*
</span>功能性:微機電系統的功能將會越來越強大,可以用於更複雜的應用。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">*
</span>成本效益:微機電系統的成本將會越來越低,從而可以更廣泛地應用。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">目前微機電最大的發展難題在於動力源,主要只能用化學能,但有效使用時間太短,使用核能會有輻射的問題,如果動力源得到突破性進展,那將是微機電可以大量運用的新里程碑。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Google
Bard</span></p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-16537044918373786072023-12-31T06:00:00.042+08:002024-01-01T19:54:57.118+08:00著名日本動漫畫(Famous Japanese Animations or Comics)-2023<p>日本動畫<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span><span lang="ja-JP">アニメ</span><span lang="zh-TW">、</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="ja-JP">Anime</span><span lang="ja-JP">)</span></span>,又叫日式動畫,是指日本出品的動畫作品,主要通過電視播出。除了一些原創作品以外,一般是由漫畫、繪本、小說、輕小說或者遊戲的改編而成,常常根據不同的觀眾受眾分為不同的風格和流派。<span lang="zh-TW">並且會搭配相關的流行歌曲與專輯等音樂作品,甚至也會製作發行相關的電子遊戲。</span></p><p>日本動畫的題材非常廣泛,涵蓋了科幻、奇幻、冒險、喜劇、愛情、懸疑、推理、歷史、體育等各個領域。日本動畫在世界享有盛譽,其精湛的製作技術、豐富的題材內容和深刻的思想內涵,畫面精美,故事情節扣人心弦,人物形象鮮活生動,深受各國觀眾的喜愛。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">最早的日本商業動畫可以追溯到<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1917</span>年。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1960</span>年代「漫畫之神」手塚治虫的作品在世界範圍內廣泛流行,大大推動了日本動畫產業的發展。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">日本動畫業目<span lang="zh-TW">前</span>有<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">430</span>家動畫公司,其中規模較大的動畫公司包括<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MADHOUSE</span>、吉卜力工作室、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GAINAX</span>、東映動畫、京都動畫、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">TMS</span>娛樂、日昇動畫、新銳動畫、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Production
I.G</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">BONES</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">OLM</span>、創通和日本動畫等,主要位於日本的東京都與京都府。一般來說,對於日本動畫,作為一個整體,在日本國外的世界各國的市場比日本動畫日本國內的市場大,其國外市場化包括製作有世界各國配音或者字幕的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">DVD</span>以及電視動畫。日本動畫的盛行也使得其他非日本動畫作品也採用類似的風格,但這類作品一般會歸類為受日本動畫影響的動畫。<span lang="zh-TW">日本動漫畫可說是日本文創產業最成功的代表,已經不只是產業甚至是文化的象徵之一。</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">動畫片常會依目標觀眾分類,例如分類為少年動畫、少女動畫及不同類型的成人動畫。少年動畫及少女動畫有時會加入男孩或女孩都有興趣的元素,試圖爭取更多的讀者認同。成人動畫可能是步調較慢,或是描寫主題不是青少年喜好的內容,也有些成人動畫中有一些成人的主題及場景。有些成人動畫中有包括色情有關的主題,在日本會標示為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">R18</span><span lang="zh-TW">。</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">日本動畫始於</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span><span lang="zh-TW">世紀初。當時日本的電影工作者開始嘗試使用還在法國、德國、美國、俄國等地試驗的動畫技術。已知最早的日本動畫拍攝於</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1917</span><span lang="zh-TW">年《塙凹內名刀之卷》,這是一部</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span><span lang="zh-TW">分鐘的短篇動畫,講述了一個武士拿別人試他的新刀,但反而被打敗的故事。早期的先鋒者有下川凹天、幸內純一、北山清太郎,被稱為「日本動畫之父」。</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">隨後日本的製作人做過很多動畫製作的嘗試。第一套廣泛流行的動畫連續劇是<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1963</span>年手塚治蟲的《原子小金剛》。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1970</span>年代期間,日本動畫進一步發展,與西方世界的動畫漸漸分離開來,並發展出獨特的類型,例如機器人動畫。該時期值得注意的動畫作品包括《鐵人<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">28</span>號》和《無敵鐵金剛》等。在這段期間,一些動畫製作人漸漸變得著名,特別是宮崎駿和押井守。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1980</span>年代,日本的動畫在日本被接納為主流,並經歷了一個製作量迅速增長的時期,更發展出像日式漫畫這樣完整的公式。鋼彈系列作品的製作,以及高橋留美子的事業亦於這個年代開始。《阿基拉》於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1988</span>年創下了單一動畫製作費最高的紀錄。至<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1995</span>年《新世紀福音戰士》播出,日本人看重了御宅族文化有著可觀的經濟利潤。由於日本動漫經濟的多元化的發展。近年來日本動漫收益仍然年年增長。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">日本動畫於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span>年代及<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2000</span>年代迎來了它被海外市場接受程度的提昇。動畫連續劇諸如《新世紀福音戰士》和《攻殼機動隊》於日本大受歡迎,亦吸引了海外觀眾的注意。《七龍珠》、《美少女戰士》和《神奇寶貝》的周邊商品在歐美地區更是搶手貨。《神隱少女》於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2002</span>年德國柏林影展中得到金熊獎,並在第七十六屆奧斯卡電影頒獎典禮中得到「最佳動畫長片」一獎項。而《攻殼機動隊》亦在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2004</span>年坎城影展上映。自平成時代以來,眾多女子動畫<span lang="zh-TW">也</span>逐漸在擴大。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">根據日本貿易振興機構的資料,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2016</span>年時世界上有百分之六十的動畫作品由日本製作。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">隨著<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Netflix</span>等網路平台的流行,加上<span lang="zh-TW">新興</span>動畫<span lang="zh-TW">國家</span>的發展,日本動漫畫製作受到了挑戰。根據日本帝國數據銀行<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2022</span>年的調查,日本<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">309</span>家動畫製作公司有約四成虧損,是歷史最高記錄,每家工作室的銷售額低於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span>億日元,動畫製作市場連續兩年萎縮。而根據日本動畫協會的數據,截止<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2020</span>年,電視動畫數量連續四年減少。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">播映媒介</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">電視動畫:在電視裡播放的動畫,一般都是採取連載的方法,類似電視劇。按播放時間段的區別,分為深夜動畫與全日時段動畫。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">OVA</span>:全稱為<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Original
Video Animation</span>,意思是原創動畫錄映帶,沒有在電視或電影院放映過的動畫,現在一般以<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">VCD</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">DVD</span>、<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">BD</span>等發售。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">劇場版動畫:即是電影版,在電影院播放的動畫。製作品質遠精於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">TV</span>版,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">OVA</span>版。通常一部劇場版動畫是<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">90</span>分鐘,與電影等長。有的劇場版不一定有其對應的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">TV</span>版。<span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a><span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">漫畫或動畫</span></p>
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<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">原名</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh-TW">著名</span>系列</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">相關動漫畫</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰士鋼彈 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戦士ガンダム </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">矢立肇、富野喜幸 </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">現‧由悠季</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰士鋼彈</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Z</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ZZ</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">V</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">G</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">W</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">X</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">∀</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SEED</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SD</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">鋼彈</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FORCE</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">DESTINY</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">00</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SD</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">鐵血孤兒</span></p>
</li><li><p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-size: x-small;">水星的魔女</span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh-TW">、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SD</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">新世紀福音戰士 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">新世紀エヴァンゲリオン </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">GAINAX→</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">庵野秀明
</span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">新世紀福音戰士</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">劇集列表</span></p></li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">使徒來襲</span></p></li></ul><ul><li></li><li><span style="font-size: small;">陌生的天花板</span></li><ul></ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">沒有響過的電話</span></li><ul></ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">雨、逃出去之後</span></li><ul></ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">零、心的彼方</span></li><ul></ul><li><span style="font-size: x-small;">決戰、第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">新東京市</span></li><ul></ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">人所製造的東西</span></li><ul></ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">明日香、來到日本</span></li>
</ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span> </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">銀河英雄傳說 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">銀河英雄伝説 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">田中芳樹 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-size: x-small;">原子小金剛</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">鉄腕アトム </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">手塚治虫 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">作</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">作</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">作</span></p>
</li></ul>
</ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">航海王</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ONE PIECE </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">尾田榮一郎 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">庫洛魔法使</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">カードキャプターさくら </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />CLAMP </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">小櫻的香港之旅</span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">被封印的卡片</span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ドラゴンボール </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">鳥山明 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Z</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">GT</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠改</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠超</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">七龍珠大魔</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">超時空要塞</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ちょうじくうようさいマクロス </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />Studio Nue
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">超時空要塞</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">超時空要塞</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">超時空要塞</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Frontier</span></span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">超時空要塞</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Δ</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">名偵探柯南 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">名探偵コナン </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">青山剛昌 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">名偵探柯南</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">離別前的序章</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">與黑暗組織的對決</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">怪鳥傳說之謎</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">京都新選組殺人事件 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戰艦大和號 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戦艦ヤマト</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">西崎義展、山本暎一 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戰艦大和號</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戰艦大和號</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戰艦大和號</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">III</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戰艦大和號</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2199</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙戰艦大和號</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2202
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">亂馬</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1/2</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">らんま </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1/2</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">高橋留美子 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">亂馬</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1/2</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">亂馬</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1/2</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh-TW">熱鬥篇</span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">神奇寶貝</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ポケットモンスター </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">田尻智 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">無印</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">超世代</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">鑽石</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">&</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">珍珠</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">超級願望</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">XY</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">太陽</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">&</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">月亮</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">旅途/目標是寶可夢大師</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">地平線</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">幽遊白書 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">幽☆遊☆白書 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">冨樫義博 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">魯邦三世</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ルパン三世 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">加藤一彥 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1971</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年動畫</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1977</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年動畫</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PARTIII</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">名為峰不二子的女人</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2015</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年動畫</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PART5</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PART6</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">HUNTER×HUNTER
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ハンター</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">×</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">ハンター
</span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">冨樫義博 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1999</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年版</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2011</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年版</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">JOJO </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">的奇妙冒險
</span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ジョジョの奇妙な冒険 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">荒木飛呂彥 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">星塵鬥士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">幻影血脈劇場版</span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">灌籃高手</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SLAM DUNK </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">井上雄彥 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">劇場版動畫</span></p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">作</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">稱霸全國!</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">湘北最大的危機!</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">咆哮籃球員靈魂!</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">THE
FIRST SLAM DUNK</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫、電影</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">城市獵人</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">シティーハンター </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">北條司 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
城市獵人<br /><span>城市獵人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span>2</span></span><br /><span>城市獵人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span>3</span></span><br /><span>城市獵人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span>'91</span></span></span><p></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫、電影</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戦士セーラームーン </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">武內直子 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">R</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">S</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SuperS</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sailor
Stars </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫、電影</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">櫻桃小丸子</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ちびまる子ちゃん </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">櫻桃子 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">聖鬥士星矢 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">聖闘士星矢 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">車田正美 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">聖鬥士星矢</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">聖鬥士星矢</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ω
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影、</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OVA</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">排球少年</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">排球少年!! </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">古館春一 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">排球少年!!</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">季</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">排球少年!!</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Second
Season(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">季</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">排球少年!!烏野高中</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">VS</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">白鳥澤學園高中</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">季</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)<br /></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">排球少年!!</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">TO
THE TOP(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">季</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)
</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫<span lang="zh-TW">、電影</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="16" width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">烏龍派出所</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">こちら葛飾区亀有公園前派出所 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">秋本治 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="16" width="20%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="firstHeading"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh">哆啦</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh">A</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="zh">夢</span></span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">ドラえもん </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">藤子</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">·F·</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">不二雄
</span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1973</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年版</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1979</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年版</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2005</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年版</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫、電影</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="16" width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">太空突擊隊</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">キャプテン・フューチャー </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Edmond
Hamilton </span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<p></p>
</ul>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="16" width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">科學小飛俠</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">科学忍者隊ガッチャマン </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">吉田龍夫 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">科學小飛俠</span></p>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">科學小飛俠</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">II</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">科學小飛俠</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">F</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">科學小飛俠</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crowds</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">系列</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="16" width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">吉卜力工作室系列電影</span></p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">宮崎駿、高畑勳、鈴木敏夫、德間康快
</span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">風之谷</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">天空之城</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">龍貓</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">螢火蟲之墓</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">魔女宅急便</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">兒時的點點滴滴</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">紅豬</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">平成狸合戰</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">心之谷</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">魔法公主</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">隔壁的山田君</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">神隱少女</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">貓的報恩</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">霍爾的移動城堡</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">地海戰記</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">崖上的波妞</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">借物少女艾莉緹</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">來自紅花坂</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">風起</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">輝耀姬物語</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">回憶中的瑪妮</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">紅烏龜:小島物語</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">安雅與魔女</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">蒼鷺與少年</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電影</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="15" width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">世界名作劇場 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">世界名作劇場 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">日本アニメーション </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第一作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1975</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《フランダースの犬》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">龍龍與忠狗</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">義犬報恩</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">佛蘭德斯的狗</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1976</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《母をたずねて三千里》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">三千里尋母記</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">萬里尋母</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">萬里尋親記</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第三作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1977</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《あらいぐまラスカル》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小浣熊</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第四作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1978</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《ペリーヌ物語》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小英的故事</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">佩琳物語</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第五作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1979</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《赤毛のアン》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">清秀佳人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">紅髮安妮</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第六作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1980</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《
トム・ソーヤーの冒険》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">湯姆歷險記</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第七作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1981</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《家族ロビンソン漂流記
ふしぎな島のフローネ》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">新魯濱遜漂流記</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">不可思議之島的芙勞拉</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第八作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1982</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《南の虹のルーシー》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">可愛的露西</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">露斯小姑娘</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">南方的彩虹</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第九作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1983</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《アルプス物語
わたしのアンネット》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">阿爾卑斯物語:我的安內特</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">妮妮與安安</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1984</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《牧場の少女カトリ》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">牧場上的少女卡特莉</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">香取姑娘</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">飄零牧牛女</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十一作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1985</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《小公女セーラ》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小公主</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">莎拉物語</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十二作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1986</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《愛少女ポリアンナ物語》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小安娜</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">愛少女波麗安娜物語</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十三作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1987</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《愛の若草物語》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小婦人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十四作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1988</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《小公子セディ》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小王子</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小公子西迪</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十五作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1989</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《ピーターパンの冒険》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小飛俠</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">彼得潘的冒險</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十六作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1990</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《私のあしながおじさん》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">長腿叔叔</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十七作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1991</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《トラップ一家物語》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">真善美</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">音樂之聲</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">仙樂飄飄處處聞</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十八作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1992</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《大草原の小さいな天使
ブッシュベイビー》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">草原小天使</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第十九作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1993</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《若草物語
ナンとジョー先生》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">新小婦人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小婦人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1987</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年放送《愛の若草物語》續集</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1994</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《七つの海のティコ》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">七海小英雄</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">深海中的朋友</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十一作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1995</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《ロミオの青い空》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">羅密歐的藍天</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">羅密歐的天空</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十二作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1996</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《名犬ラッシー》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">名犬萊西</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十三作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1996</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-
1997</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《家なき子レミ》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">無家可歸的孩子蕾米</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">小孤燕</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十四作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2007</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《レ・ミゼラブル
少女コゼット》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">悲慘世界</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">少女珂賽特</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">孤星淚</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十五作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2008</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《ポルフィの長い旅》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">波菲拉斯的漫長旅程</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/Porfy</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">的長旅</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">第二十六作:</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2009</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年,《こんにちは
アン ~</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Before
Green Gables</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">~》</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">你好安妮</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="20%">
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">電視動畫</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p><table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 440px;">
<colgroup><col width="74"></col>
<col width="356"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr>
<td bgcolor="#ccccff" colspan="2" width="434">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Anime Grand
Prix</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">動畫大獎</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ddddff" width="74">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1970</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年代
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">/<br />1980</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年代</span></p>
</td>
<td width="356">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰士鋼彈</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1979–1980</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">傳說巨神</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1980</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">銀河鐵道</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">999(1981</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">六神合體</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1982</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">宇宙先鋒</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">劇場版</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)(1983</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">風之谷</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1984</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">搞怪拍檔</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1985</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">天空之城</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1986</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">聖鬥士星矢</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1987</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">龍貓</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1988</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">魔女宅急便</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1989</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ddddff" width="74">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1990</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年代</span></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f7f7f7" width="356">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">海底兩萬哩</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1990</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">閃電霹靂車</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1991</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">美少女戰士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1992</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">幽遊白書</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1993</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年–</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1994</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">新世紀福音戰士</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1995</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年–</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1996</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">新世紀福音戰士劇場版</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1997</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰艦 </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
prince of darkness(1998</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">百變小櫻<span lang="zh-TW"> </span>第</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">期</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1999</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ddddff" width="74">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2000</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年代</span></p>
</td>
<td width="356">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">最遊記</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2000</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">魔法水果籃</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2001</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰士鋼彈
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SEED(2002</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">鋼之鍊金術師</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2003</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰士鋼彈
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SEED
DESTINY(2004</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年–</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2005</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Code
Geass </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">反叛的魯路修</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2006</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年–</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2007</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Code
Geass </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">反叛的魯路修 </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">R2(2008</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">K-ON</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">!輕音部</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2009</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ddddff" width="74">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2010</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年代</span></p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f7f7f7" width="356">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">閃電十一人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2010</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">閃電十一人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">GO(2011</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">閃電十一人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">GO
</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">時空之石</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2012</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">進擊的巨人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2013</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Free!-Eternal
Summer-(2014</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">小松先生</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2015</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">機動戰士鋼彈
鐵血孤兒</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2016</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IDOLiSH7(2017</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">名偵探柯南</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2018</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">鬼滅之刃</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2019</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ddddff" width="74">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2020</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年代</span></p>
</td>
<td width="356">
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Healin'
Good ♥ </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">光之美少女</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2020</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li><li><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">劇場版 咒術迴戰 </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0(2021</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">年</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">)</span></span></p>
</li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /><a name="collapsibleTable2"></a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">吉卜力電影完全指南</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">日本經典動畫指南</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Google Bard</span></p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-31903993688454467972023-12-24T06:00:00.107+08:002024-01-01T19:59:40.248+08:00二戰後台灣潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Taiwan After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1912年中華民國成立時領土並沒有臺灣,那時臺灣是日本帝國領土。</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1940</span>年代,國民黨於中國內戰失敗,最後決定遷來臺灣,而美國原本也準備放棄國民黨,直到<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1950</span>年代,韓戰爆發,事情有了轉機,美國重新軍援國民黨,而美國的第七艦隊也就此巡弋了台海二十多年,直到美臺斷交,至韓戰後國民黨的情勢也就此穩定,不再有太大變化。就因為國民黨來臺,讓台灣牽扯到中國,無法順利跟二戰後很多殖民地一樣可以民族自決獨立。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">到了<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1970</span>年代美國軍援<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tench</span>級潛艦海獅與海豹潛艇給臺灣,就此開啟臺灣的潛艦之路,國際情勢的不利與中國不斷的政治打壓,讓臺灣的潛艦之路發展的一直非常崎嶇。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1980</span>年代,臺灣與荷蘭合作發展半導體,而當時的荷蘭潛艇製造廠也面臨無船可造的歇業危機,這時剛好臺灣也缺潛艦,荷蘭政府最後批准出售六艘改良型旗魚級潛艦給台灣,也就是現在的劍龍級潛艇,但除了前兩艘後續的潛艦建造計畫由於中國壓力取消。而臺灣海軍最中意的德國<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">209</span>級卻始終沒有著落,最後經過不斷的外交努力斡旋也沒有成功。而荷蘭政府在1980年代後期也打算將主要用於外銷的海鰻級潛艦推銷給臺灣,但由於沒有國家使用過,海軍評估風險太高,最後也不了了之。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span>年代,柏林圍牆被推倒,東歐民主浪潮風起雲湧,前蘇聯也因此倒台,原本當時經濟狀況不佳的俄羅斯甚至打算出售基洛級潛艇與逆火式轟炸機給臺灣,但由於美方反對以及基洛級的技術也可能外流中國,最後計畫中止。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2000</span>年代美國親台的小布希總統上臺,原本已經批准台灣提的三項包含潛艦技術技轉軍購案,但當時在野的國民黨不斷杯葛潛艦預算,前後總共擋<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">69</span>次。而原本美國也購入義大利的掃羅級潛艦準備供應臺灣海軍使用,但由於艦齡太高,被臺灣軍方拒絕。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2016</span>年蔡政府上臺,另起台灣自製潛艇之路,也就是海昌計畫自製防禦潛艦(IDS),技術來源主要為歐美,戰系來自美國英國,而艇身則有濃濃英國前鋒級潛艇的風格,也傳出有韓國日本等國幫忙,但由於牽扯敏感,這裡簡單帶過。首艦海鯤號於2023/9/28命名下水,並將於10月起開始海試,預計2025年交給海軍服役。</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">具體來說,台灣新潛艦的技術來源包括:</p><ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">推進系統:由美國提供技術支援,採用柴油電動推進系統。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">戰鬥系統:由美國洛克希德<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>馬丁公司提供技術支援,包括艦上武器系統、電子戰系統和通信系統等。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">聲納系統:由澳洲提供技術支援,採用被動聲納系統和主動聲納系統。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">艦體設計:由澳大利亞和英國提供技術支援,採用柴電潛艦的標準設計。</p>
</li></ul><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">台灣新潛艦的艦型和性能,則是根據台灣的防禦需求和戰略考量,綜合多國的潛艦設計經驗,自行開發和調整的。新潛艦的建造工作由台灣國際造船公司負責,預計在
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2025 </span>年開始服役。 </p><div><span style="color: #111111;">而隨著第一艘IDS潛艦完工,除了拉法葉巡防艦已經開始升級搭配新戰系與武裝系統外,台灣的新一代二級主力巡防艦防空型與反潛型也將開始動工,未來除了外購3D相位旋轉雷達外,將搭配海劍二與雄風飛彈等國造武器。<br /></span>
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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hai
Shih class </span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Tench class)</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">These are the world oldest
submarines in active service.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hai Lun class
(Zwaardvis-class submarine) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Netherlands built these 2
submarines and transferred to Taiwan. 4 for option, and it was cancelled owing to China's pressure.</span></p>
</td>
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<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kuang Hua VIII class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned
8 boats. The US Bush government approved this project for green
light,but the KMT opposed the submarine budget for 69 times. Project canceled.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Indigenous_Defense_Submarine_(IDS)_Program"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Indigenous Defense Submarine
(IDS)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Narwhal class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 8 to 10, and this
is the first Taiwanese built submarines with foreign technology
supported. The first boat began in sea trail on October 1st ,2023.
Taiwan also develops midget submarines with this submarine at the same time.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Google Bard</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Microsoft Bing</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">https://def.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/4490536</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p></div>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-30814634248580073342023-12-17T06:00:00.015+08:002023-12-30T21:47:22.026+08:00二戰後挪威潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Norway After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">挪威在二戰一開始保持中立,但仍難逃納粹德國的閃擊戰攻勢,最後不得不投降德國,二戰時德國有不少軍事措施遺留於此,包含挪威二戰後第一代服役的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span>艘<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">K</span>級潛艇就是德國遺留下來的。挪威在二戰後的潛艇用途主要用於近海防衛,因此服役的潛艇都是噸位較小的潛艇,而且主要都是來自於德國。而目前計畫中的最新型潛艇212CD級則是最早採用氫燃料電池當動力的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AIP</span>潛艇,挪威海軍預計在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2029</span>年讓第一艘服役,但目前相關資訊仍不明確。<span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">K
class </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Three vessels left in
Norway by the Germans. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kobben</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type
207 </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="15" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fifteen vessels purchased
from Germany. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ula</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type
210 </span>
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Six vessels purchased from
Germany. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type 212CD </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The Type 212CD class (for
Common Design) is a submarine class developed by ThyssenKrupp
Marine Systems (TKMS) for the Norwegian and German navies. The
submarines will be fitted with a hydrogen fuel cell-based
air-independent propulsion system. Planned 4,TBC.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-58418648922570992602023-12-10T06:30:00.012+08:002023-12-17T13:36:38.413+08:00二戰後土耳其潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Turkey After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">鄂圖曼土耳其帝國曾經稱霸阿拉伯世界數百年,但好景不長,於一次大戰戰敗後解體,後來土耳其共和國國父凱末爾將軍領軍抵擋英法聯軍的侵略,重振土耳其聲威,並一直延續至今,土耳其共和國算阿拉伯世界最西化的國家,除了宗教信仰仍以回教為主,但實際上典章制度皆大幅度歐美化。土耳其扼守黑海的出口,控制俄羅斯黑海艦隊進出地中海的咽喉,海軍軍力也相當強盛。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">土耳其海軍的發展策略比較接近韓國與西班牙,水面主力艦艇主要為美德系,有派里級與<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">MEKO級</span>巡防艦,除了還沒有神盾軍艦,與澳洲相同也引進西班牙的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">BPC</span>自製,原本要搭配<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">F-35B</span>服役,但因引進俄羅斯的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">S-400</span>防空飛彈惹怒美國,目前<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">F-35A/B</span>皆被取消交貨,而這些戰鬥機則被優先交貨給日本。至於水面下潛艦則也是德系為主,是<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">209</span>級的主要使用國之一,目前則開始最新的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">214</span>級潛艇的建造。<span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<a name='more'></a><p></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Atilay
class </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Type
209/1200)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">German type 209 variant. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Preveze
class </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Type
209T1/1400)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">German type 209 variant. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gur
class </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Type
209T2/1400)</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">German type 209 variant. In
Half-life Modernisation now.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reis
Class</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type
214TN</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(advanced
Type 214)</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Plsnned 6, 1 in sea trail.
German designed AIP submarine,built in Turkey.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-69629059849304258182023-12-03T05:30:00.070+08:002023-12-03T05:30:00.156+08:00二戰後以色列潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Israel After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">兩千多年前,猶太人建立的北國以色列王國與南國猶太王國先後被亞述帝國滅亡,從此猶太人開始流亡世界之旅。一戰後期英國首相貝耳福</span>發表貝爾福<span lang="zh-TW">宣言後,部分猶太人從世界各地開始回到原來的迦南應許</span><span lang="zh-TW">之地,開啟後來猶太人重新建國之路,第二次世界大戰,六百多萬歐洲猶太人死於納粹集中營,英美等同盟國同情猶太人的遭遇,因此允許他們回到現在的以色列重新建國,但也造成原來居住在這片土地的阿拉伯人的生存空間遭到極大壓縮,只能居住在土地狹小的屯墾區,也就是後來一連串以阿衝突的遠因,而以色列建國後,從世界各地陸續返回的猶太人更多,而當地阿拉伯人的生存空間更進一步壓縮,最後導致五次大規模以阿戰爭的爆發,最後全數由以色列獲勝。</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2000</span>年<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7</span>月,在美國總統比爾<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>柯林頓的主導下,以色列巴拉克和巴勒斯坦阿拉法特在<span lang="zh-TW">大衛</span>營舉行談判。然而,談判最後破裂,沒有取得任何新成果。巴拉克提出向巴勒斯坦權力機構移交<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">90%</span>的西岸和加薩走廊領土的建議,但被阿拉法特拒絕<span lang="zh-TW">,以阿衝突仍是難解,除非有更大的土地可以安置當地的巴勒斯坦人,否則這仍是個無解的問題</span>。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">以色列雖然不是軍事超強但卻擁有世界最先進的飛彈與防空系統技術以及陸海空軍,加上有美英法等國的大力支持,除了最先進的空軍戰機,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">以色列也擁有自製的鐵</span><span lang="zh-TW">穹防空系統,加上海內外以色列人始終團結一致對抗外侮,以色列才能在強敵環伺的阿拉伯世界屹立不搖。台灣的雄風反艦飛彈原始設計來自於以色列的加百列飛彈,而以色列目前也幫印度等國發展戰鬥機的雷達與射控系統來搭配色列製的先進空對空飛彈如Derby與巨蟒四型或五型AAM。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">目前</span><span lang="zh-TW">以色列自二戰建國後的潛艇直至目前皆由德國建造,而海豚二級是目前世界少數具備能發射搭配核子彈頭的彈道飛彈的傳統動力潛艇。<span></span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<a name='more'></a><p></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%"><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gal
class</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Type 540 Gal-class
submarine is a slightly modified variant of the German HDW Type
206 submarine class</span>,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">modified
for Israel requirements. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dolphin
class</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">This class is for Israel. 3
olphin I class, and 3 Dolphin II class. Dolphin II class is SSG
equipped with nuclear warhead SLBMs. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dakar-class
</span>
</p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AIP-capable,
diesel-electric attack submarines ordered by the Israeli Navy from
German-based naval conglomerate ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems
(TKMS). Planned 3,under development.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-44328399071508138272023-11-26T06:00:00.024+08:002023-12-02T14:52:56.394+08:00二戰後加拿大潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Canada After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">加拿大是目前世界陸地領土第二廣大的國家,僅次於俄羅斯聯邦,相鄰海域橫跨太平洋、北極海與大西洋,自然資源豐富,不過多數為冰封的大地與海洋,但隨著近年全球暖化,北極圈海域融冰時間變長,其實也很適合<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>的活動,只是目前加拿大並無建造<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>的計劃。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">二次大戰期間,加拿大與澳大利亞、紐西蘭,皆派兵遠赴歐洲戰場參戰,並立下不少汗馬功勞,也因此這三國算英美兩國與歐洲的重要盟邦,除了核子武器等敏感性戰略武器外,其餘先進武器多數皆可獲得,因此加拿大也曾經得到英國的莊嚴級航空母艦,並取得多數的英國製潛艦,目前潛艦主力是4艘維多利亞級,也就是英國的擁護者級。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span>年代,由於香港將被中國收回,讓香港與台灣移民大幅度增加,千禧年後來自中國的移民投資客與留學生大增,已經對加拿大造成嚴重的國安問題,再加上北極融冰時間變長,俄羅斯與中國破冰船甚至商船隊在北極的活動也大幅度增加,對加拿大其實構成了嚴重的國安問題。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">不過,由於旁邊的強大鄰居美國並沒有對加拿大有敵意,且幫助加拿大防守太平洋與大西洋的懬大海空域。加拿大到</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2023</span><span lang="zh-TW">年除了要建造</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span><span lang="zh-TW">艘結合運補艦與兩棲突擊艦的</span>保護者級聯合後勤支援艦
<span lang="zh-TW">,與</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span><span lang="zh-TW">艘</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">26</span><span lang="zh-TW">級</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">CSC</span><span lang="zh-TW">用來取代原本</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span><span lang="zh-TW">艘易洛魁級驅逐艦與</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">12</span><span lang="zh-TW">哈里法克斯級巡防艦,以及建造</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5</span><span lang="zh-TW">艘具備破冰船能力的</span><span lang="zh-TW">哈利·</span><span lang="zh-TW">迪沃夫級北極海面巡邏艦外,雖然造艦規模也很龐大,但造艦規模差了澳大利亞一大截,而且加拿大的潛艦也無發展</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span><span lang="zh-TW">的計畫,短期也無建造大型神盾防空艦的遠大計劃,而是以較大量兼具防空艦功能的多用途艦艇取代。隨然曾想過引進法國西北風級LHD,但因為經費問題,計畫已經取消。<span></span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<a name='more'></a><p></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Balao class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Built for United States
Navy; USS Burrfish (SS-312) acquired 1961 and renamed as HMCS
Grisle and served until 1969; return to USN and later scrapped.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tench class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Built for United States
Navy; USS Argonaut (SS-475) renamed HMCS Rainbow 1968 and retired
1974</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Oberon
class</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Total 3 acquired and 2 for
training and spares; 2 sold as museum ship (HMCS Ojibwa (S72) and
HMCS Onondaga (S73)) and 3rd scrapped (HMS Olympus (S12), HMS
Osiris (S13), HMCS Okanagan (S74))</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Victoria
class</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4 ex-RN Upholder class
submarines in active service.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-844950410235705592023-11-19T06:00:00.037+08:002023-11-21T22:57:46.193+08:00二戰後巴西潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Brazil After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">巴西領土廣大,是金磚四國之一,自然資源豐富,且境內的亞馬遜河流域可說是地球之肺,生物多樣性與豐富性可說是地表之冠,每年亞馬遜河從南美洲大陸流出大量亞馬遜雨林流域的有機質到大西洋,是大西洋藻類與浮游生物的重要養分,而這些藻類與浮游生物也為大西洋的魚類帶來大量的食物。巴西里約的森巴嘉年華慶典也聞名於世。不過由於南美洲屬於美國後院加上歷史上非列強必爭之地,因此整個南美洲的軍力並不強,但由於南美洲的幅員與海域廣大,其實也很適合<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>的活動。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">二戰後初期,巴西接收來自於英美的援助潛艇,但自兩國不再發展傳統動力潛艇後,巴西便轉向歐洲的德法兩國協助,先後得到<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">209</span>級與天蠍級的潛艇,並且皆獲得授權建造,而天蠍級更是有一艘將發展成<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>,算是法國核子動力潛艇技術的第一個輸出國。<span></span></p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Goiaz
class </span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(GUPPY III)</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">All GUPPY III boats had
previously received GUPPY II conversions. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Bahia
class </span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(GUPPY II)</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">All boats converted during
the GUPPY II program that originally had high-speed drive motors
with reduction gears had these replaced with low-speed
direct-drive motors,</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Humaita
class (Oberon class)</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tupi
class </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Type
209/1400)</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Only 2 in active service,
and 2 decommissioned.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tikuna
class</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(modified Tupiclass)
(modified Type 209/1400) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">TBC. This class is modified
German Type 209/1400 class built by Brazil. Only 1 in active
service.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Riachuelo
class</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(Scorpéne class)</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">The Riachuelo class are a
Brazilian class of diesel-electric and nuclear-powered attack
submarines developed by the state-owned shipyard Itaguaí
Construções Navais, based on the French Scorpène class as part
of the Submarine Development Program (PROSUB), a naval
modernization plan of the Brazilian Armed Forces. Planned 4, 2
completed, and 1 in active service.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Álvaro Alberto </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 1. Riachuelo class
SSN variant.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p>
</ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-30554332990884634032023-11-12T06:00:00.040+08:002023-11-18T19:41:53.727+08:00二戰後韓國潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in South Korea After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">第二次世界大戰結束,韓國依據民族自決成為獨立國家,但因為韓國共產黨作亂,朝鮮半島分裂為大韓民國與朝鮮民主主義人民共和國兩個政權,</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1950</span><span lang="zh-TW">年韓戰正式爆發,由美國主導的自由世界領軍大韓民國與蘇聯共產黨帶領的朝鮮民主主義人民共和國專制政權作戰,最後於</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1953</span><span lang="zh-TW">年劃定北緯</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">38</span><span lang="zh-TW">度為停戰線,朝鮮半島正式分裂為南北韓。南韓目前自由民主且經濟發展成功並以韓流的影視音樂以及電子產品與汽車征服世界各國,但專制獨裁的北韓目前窮兵黷武、民生凋蔽與落後,被經濟制裁,是世界經濟排行的末段班。</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1960</span><span lang="zh-TW">年代後韓國與台灣、新加坡與香港並列亞洲四小龍,韓國創造了漢江奇蹟,經濟快速發展。原本南韓國民平均所得遠低於台灣,但隨著</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span><span lang="zh-TW">年代的亞洲金融風暴,韓國勵精圖治,大力將韓國汽車與造船業甚至文創產業推廣到世界各地,到了千禧年後個人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GDP</span><span lang="zh-TW">正式超越台灣,且在</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2020</span><span lang="zh-TW">年代正式邁入已開發國家,成為世界第十二大經濟體,不過2023年個人</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GDP</span><span lang="zh-TW">又被台灣超過,但整體</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GDP</span><span lang="zh-TW">已經達到</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1.7</span><span lang="zh-TW">兆美元約是台灣的兩倍大,因為韓國人口約為台灣的兩倍。</span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">韓國自<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span>年代開始大力發展海軍,而且戰略目標是成為具備遠洋戰力的藍水海軍,並且水面與水下艦隊的規模將達到日本海上自衛隊的二分之一規模。不過隨著兩艘獨島級兩棲突擊艦正式服役,以及總計<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5</span>艘的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KDS-II</span>與<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KDS-III美系</span>神盾驅逐艦陸續服役,再加<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span>艘攻擊型潛艇,實際海軍艦隊規模已經將近海上自衛隊的三分之二。而韓國海軍還有更遠大的計劃也就是發展中型航空母艦與核子動力攻擊潛艇<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">韓國在軍備發展上受到的國際政治勢力的干擾較少,且韓國民族性很團結,幾乎一致性對抗外來侵略,也因此在潛艇發展上,受到的國際限制遠比台灣小,目前技術主要來自於德國。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KSS-I</span>就是德國的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">209</span>型,而<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KSS-II</span>則是德國<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">214</span>型,而德國甚至還授權韓國幫印尼海軍建造<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">209</span>型潛艦,最新的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KSS-III</span>則是韓國自主設計的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AIP</span>潛艇,當然德國的成分還是很大。<span></span></p>
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<a name='more'></a><p></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dolgorae class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Miget submarines.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Jang Bogo class (Type 209)</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="9" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">9</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 15, and 9 for South
Korea and 6 for Indonesia. KSS-I (Korean Submarine-I) is a variant
of the Type 209 diesel-electric attack submarine. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Jang Bogo class</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sohn
Won-yil class (Type 214)</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="9" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">9</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KSS-II submarines. Design
by Germany, and built by South Korea.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Jang Bogo class</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dosan
Ahn Changho class</span></p>
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">KSS-III submarines, Korean
indigenous submarines,and may export to other countries. Planned 9,
3 completed, and 2 in active service. This type of submarine can
launch SLBM.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-62801834960230830022023-11-05T06:30:00.039+08:002023-11-05T06:30:00.147+08:00二戰後印度潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in India After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">位處南亞印度次大陸的印度,人口眾多與幅員廣大,目前總人口數在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2023</span>年已經正式超越中國,成為世界人口總數最多的國家,而周邊的印度洋也相當遼闊,目前也是世界人口總數最高的民主國家。但延續了幾千年的種姓制度限制了國力與經濟的進一步發展,不過種姓制度或許也是維持印度安定的主要力量,英國統治時期也沒有改變印度的種姓制度。不過印度工業總產值雖不是很大,目前卻也擁有世界最先進的太空科技與軟體產業發展。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">印度自<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2010</span>年代以後不僅在太空領域大有斬獲,無人探測船成功進入火星軌道,而<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2023</span>年的無人太空船也成功登陸月球南極。印度的殲敵者號<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSBN</span>也在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2016</span>年正式服役,宣告印度成為核子動力彈道飛彈潛艇俱樂部的第六個成員,而後續的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>計劃也正如火如荼的展開中。印度海軍的第一艘自力發展航艦也正式在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2022</span>年服役,未來將朝三個航艦戰鬥群的戰略目標邁進。目前印度的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GDP</span>已經超越英法成為世界第五大經濟體,或許在不久的將來印度的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">GDP</span>也將超過德國成為世界第四大經濟體,印度與東協將成為未來世界經濟成長的新火車頭。2014年印度總理莫迪提出印度製造(Make in India)將強化25個領域的工商業領域發展,讓印度的工業能力進一步提升,並讓印度的國民總生產毛額進一步提升。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">印度的潛艇發展比較接近法國,但由於科技與工業實力仍然遠不及西方先進工業國,軍工產業效率不彰一直是印度國防工業的弱點,光輝戰鬥機與阿瓊主力戰車都開發幾十年才成軍是具體範例。因此印度大力引進俄羅斯與法德義英等國的技術發展軍事科技。而印度的核子動力潛艦發展歷程比較接近比較接近法國,都是先開發<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSBN</span>,再開發<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>,而核子動力攻擊潛艦的技術發展主要是自力開發,目前則租借一艘俄羅斯的阿庫拉級<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span>服役中。<span></span></p>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Foxtrot Class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="8" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">8</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Indian Navy Variants known
as the Kalvari class(4 boats), and Vela class(4 boats), </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Shishumar (Type 209) Class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 6,and 4 completeed.
</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sindhughosh (Kilo) Class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="10" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">10</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 10, 7 in active,
and 3 retired. The Sindhughosh submarines, designated 877EKM, were
designed as part of Project 877, and built under a contract
between Rosvooruzhenie and the Ministry of Defence (India). </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><a name="firstHeading"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kalvari(Scorpène)
Class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 9, 6 completed, and
3 on order. The Kalvari-class submarines, formally classified as
the Project-75 submarines (P-75), is a class of diesel-electric
attack submarines operated by the Indian Navy (IN). </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Akula II Class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">India will lease 2 boats
until a projected 5 to 6 ATV indigenous submarines are
manufactured. The Indians have a lease/ purchase deal. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Arihant
Class</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSBN</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 4, 2 completed and
in active service, and 2 under construction. Indian Navy 1st
Generation SSBN.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">S5
Class</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSBN</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 3, and project on
the run.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project
75 Alpha</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 6. Indian 1<sup>st</sup> generation indigenous SSN.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-61729862702230775672023-10-29T05:30:00.039+08:002023-10-29T05:30:00.142+08:00二戰後中國潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in China After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.32cm; orphans: 2; padding: 0cm; widows: 2;">
<br />
</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">中國的潛艇發展始於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1950</span>年代俄羅斯提供的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whisky</span>級與<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Romeo</span>級潛艇,尤其後來<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Romeo</span>級更被授權建造發展成武漢級與明級,之後也在<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1960</span>年代引進了柴電動力彈道飛彈潛艇<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Golf</span>級。但後來中蘇交惡,蘇聯的潛艦技術援助中斷,直到<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1970</span>年代中國才開發出第一艘核子動力潛艇漢級,而1970年代後期隨著中國的改革開放,西方的潛艇技術特別是法國技術開始進入中國,才讓中國的潛艦技術進一步的發展。<span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">中國潛艇發展可以分為三個階段:</p><ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第一階段(<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1950-1970</span>年代):這個階段中國主要依賴蘇聯援助發展潛艇。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1953</span>年,中國從蘇聯獲得了第一艘潛艇,並在蘇聯的幫助下建造了數艘仿蘇聯的潛艇。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第二階段(<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1970-1990</span>年代):這個階段中國開始自主研製潛艇,以及法國技術的引進。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1970</span>年,中國建造了第一艘國產潛艇——<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">03</span>型潛艇。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1980</span>年代,中國開始建造<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">04</span>型潛艇,該型潛艇採用了新的柴油發動機和先進的聲納系統,性能較之前的潛艇有了很大提升。</p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">第三階段(<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span>年代至今):這個階段中國的潛艇發展取得了飛躍性進步。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1994</span>年,中國建造了第一艘核子動力潛艇——<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">09</span>型潛艇。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2009</span>年,中國建造了第一艘彈道飛彈核潛艇——<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">094</span>型潛艇。<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2013</span>年,中國建造了第一艘攻擊型核子潛艇——<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">095</span>型潛艇。</p>
</li></ul><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">直到2023年,以總噸量而言,中國擁有世界上第三大潛艇艦隊,僅次於美國和俄羅斯,不過目前世界服役潛艇數量最多的是北韓有71艘,美國居次有68艘。中國的潛艇部隊主要由柴電潛艇和核子潛艇組成。柴電潛艇主要負責近海防禦和反潛作戰,核子潛艇主要負責遠洋攻擊和核子威懾。</p>
<p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p>
<a name='more'></a><p></p><p></p>
<!--more--><p></p>
<table bgcolor="#f8f9fa" border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="54"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="114"></col>
<col width="89"></col>
<col width="169"></col>
<col width="66"></col>
<col width="53"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="54">
<p>艦型名</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="68">
<p lang="zh-TW">原名</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="114">
<p>分類</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="89">
<p>排水量</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="169">
<p>動力</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="66">
<p>就役年代</p>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eaecf0" width="53">
<p>建造数</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">03</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whisky</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p>哨戒潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1,300t</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="8" width="169">
<p><span lang="zh-TW">柴油動力</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">+</span>電動機</p>
</td>
<td width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1950</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">21</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">031</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Golf</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p><span lang="zh-TW">彈</span>道<span lang="zh-TW">飛彈</span>潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3,500t</span></p>
</td>
<td width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1960</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">033</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Romeo</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p>哨戒潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1,800t</span></p>
</td>
<td width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1950</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">84</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">033G</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>武漢型</p><p>Romeo</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p>巡<span lang="zh-TW">弋飛彈</span>潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="89">
<p>不明</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1960</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4" width="53">
<p>不明</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">035</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>明型</p><p>Romeo</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4" width="114">
<p>哨戒潛水艦</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">039</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>宋型</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2,300t</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1990</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">039A</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>元型</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2,300t</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">636</span><span lang="zh-TW">型</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kilo</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3,000t-4,000t</span></p>
</td>
<td width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1980</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">12</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">091</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>漢型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p>攻撃潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4,500t-5,500t</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4" width="169">
<p><span lang="zh-TW">核</span>子反應<span lang="zh-TW">爐</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">+</span>蒸<span lang="zh-TW">氣渦輪</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">\</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1970</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">092</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>夏型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p><span lang="zh-TW">彈道飛彈</span>潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7,000t</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">093</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>商型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p>攻撃潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7,000t</span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="66">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2000</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="54">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">094</span>型</p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p>晋型</p>
</td>
<td width="114">
<p><span lang="zh-TW">彈道飛彈</span>潛水艦</p>
</td>
<td width="89">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">12,000t</span></p>
</td>
<td width="53">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Reference</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">談俄羅斯與中國潛艇之建造和發展</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Google Bard</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-23004347833485321212023-10-22T06:00:00.034+08:002023-10-22T06:00:00.146+08:00二戰後蘇聯與俄羅斯潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Soviet Union & Russia After WWII)-2023<p> </p><p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.32cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1904年6月26日,俄羅斯帝國秘密地購買了它的第一艘戰鬥用潛艇,名為Madame,是美國裔德國人Isaac Rice(1850-1915)的設計,他是通用動力電動船公司(Compagnie Générale Dynamic Electric Boat)的創始人(1899)。這艘潛艇最初是在英國人Arthur Leopold Busch的指導下建造的,作為美國的魚雷艇Fulton。它是一個被稱為Adler級的原型。1904年10月14日,Som正式投入服務,駐紮在海參崴東海岸。俄羅斯將其改名為Som(Silure)。這艘第一艘俄羅斯潛艇未能在日俄戰爭期間投入實戰,原因是1905年初在德意志帝國訂購的魚雷運送延遲。</span></p><p style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.32cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">蘇聯潛水艇的主要三大設計局(紅寶石設計局、孔雀石設計局、天青石設計局)中,紅寶石設計局是最主要的設計者。(不同於歐美日以民營企業為主要的國防供應商,蘇聯或後來的俄羅斯聯邦等共產相關國家,多數軍工產業多是國營)在冷戰期間,蘇聯有四個造船廠製造了核子動力潛艇。第一個是Sevmash(前身是402號造船廠),位於塞維爾諾夫斯克,自1955年以來一直在生產。 第二個是Amursky(前身是199號造船廠),位於阿穆爾河畔庫姆斯克,並在符拉迪沃斯托克附近的Bolshaya Kamen有一個分部。 它們還在下諾夫哥羅德的Krasnoye Soromovo(前身是112號造船廠)和自19602年以來在列寧格勒的海軍造船廠(前身是194號和196號造船廠)建造。 核動力潛艇的建造速度(第一代和第二代為12至18個月)是以品質為代價的。從1967年到1990年,蘇聯人計算了340次一級迴路的洩漏,並「失去」了7艘核動力潛艇。第一代的SSBN因此被稱為「寡婦製造者」。1992年,蘇聯政府證實了和平時期至少失去了20艘各種類型的潛艇。直到1970年代,蘇聯潛艇比西方同級艦更為吵雜,甚至被戲稱一出港就能發現它們的蹤跡,性能也不太可靠,1980年代生產的最後幾個級別因為東芝公司的精密車床部分地修正了這些缺陷。</span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">蘇聯時期,潛艇名稱通常為「<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">xxx</span>計劃」直接演變成為的「<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">xxx</span>型」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(</span>「<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">xxx</span>」表示數字<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span>,有些時候潛艇除了這些蘇俄代號以外沒有另附其他名稱。從冷戰開始之後,北約開始為情報中的蘇聯潛艇進行命名工作。這些北約代號開始由<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">26</span>個字母無線電通訊碼代稱,後來有一定擴展。不過由於是根據情報來命名,有些北約代號命名並不一定完全準確,但相比於蘇聯繁雜無規則的代號系統來說,北約代號更容易記憶和接受。蘇聯解體之後俄羅斯設計的潛艇雖然還有北約代號,不過俄官方也開始對新設計的潛艇進行命名。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">為了安全保密著想,蘇聯的潛艇研製計劃的代號通常為不連續的,甚至是無規律的。大多數潛艇僅僅擁有舷號,通常來說,冷戰時期的蘇聯潛艇除了具有紀念意義的潛艇以外是不會授予艇名的。蘇聯潛艇通常會在潛艇舷號前加綴如下字母以進行區分:</p>
<ul>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="ru-RU">К</span>
(K) — <span lang="ru-RU">крейсерская</span>
(kreyserskaya, </span>「巡洋潛艇」或稱「水下巡洋艦」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="ru-RU">ТК</span>
(TK) — <span lang="ru-RU">тяжелая крейсерская</span>
(tyazholaya kreyserskaya, </span>「重型巡洋潛艇」或稱「水下重型巡洋艦」,目前僅用於颱風級核潛艇<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="ru-RU">Б</span>
(B) — <span lang="ru-RU">большая</span> (bolshaya, </span>「大型潛艇」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="ru-RU">С</span>
(S) — <span lang="ru-RU">средняя</span> (srednyaja, </span>「中型潛艇」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="ru-RU">М</span>
(M) — <span lang="ru-RU">малая</span> (malaya,</span>「小型潛艇」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">還有一些潛艇的舷號的後面回加注「<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">С</span>」<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">(специальная
</span>,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">spetsialnaya
)</span>表示「用於特殊任務設計」。這些潛艇包括諸如科學試驗潛艇,特種部隊用潛艇等。<span></span></p>
<b><p><a href="https://info.flagcounter.com/WCVB"><img alt="Flag Counter" border="0" src="https://s08.flagcounter.com/count/WCVB/bg_FFFFFF/txt_000000/border_CCCCCC/columns_2/maxflags_12/viewers_0/labels_1/pageviews_1/flags_1/" /></a></p></b>
<!--more--><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Diesel-electric</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Attack_submarines"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Attack
submarine</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="123"></col>
<col width="124"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="293"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Zulu class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="611" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">611</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="26" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">26</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large oceanic submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whiskey class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="613" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">613</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="215" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">215</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Medium multi-purpose
submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Quebec class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="615" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">615</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="30" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">30</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Small submarines with
full-diesel propulsion </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whale class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="617" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">617</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Experimental submarines
which had a Walter engine fuelled by high test peroxide (HTP) </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Romeo class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="633" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">633</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="20" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Medium submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Foxtrot class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="641" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">641</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="75" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">75</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large oceanic submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tango class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">641B Cом (Som, catfish) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="18" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">18</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large oceanic submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Bravo class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">690 Кефаль (Kefal,
mullet) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Target submarine for
torpedo exercises </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Kilo class</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">877, 877E, 877EKM, 877V,
877LPMB, 877EK Палтус (Paltus, halibut) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="43" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">43</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Improved Kilo class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">636, 636М Варшавянка
(Varshavyanka, after Warsaw Pact) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="30" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">30</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">St. Petersburg </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">677 Лада (Lada, goddess
of love) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1650 Амур (the Amur
River) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="0" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">0</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Modification of Lada class
for export </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Losos class (Salmon) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">865 Пиранья
(Piran'ya piranha) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Midget submarines </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Guided_missile_submarines"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Guided missile subma</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="123"></col>
<col width="124"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="293"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whiskey Single Cylinder </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="613" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">613</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1 × SS-N-3 cruise missile </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whiskey Twin Cylinder </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="644" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">644</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2 × SS-N-3 cruise missile </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Whiskey Long Bin </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="665" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">665</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4 × SS-N-3 cruise missile </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Juliett </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="651" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">651</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="16" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">16</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Four SS-N-3 Shaddock (P-5
or P-6), or SS-N-12 Sandbox (P-500 4K-80 Basalt </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Ballistic_missile_submarines"></a>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ballistic missile submarines</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="123"></col>
<col width="124"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="293"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Zulu</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">V611, 611AV </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Golf</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">629, 609, 601, 605, 619 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="24" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">24</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3 × Project 629 boats D-1
launch system with R-11FM missiles </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Auxiliary_submarines"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Auxiliary
submarines</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="123"></col>
<col width="124"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="293"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">India</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">940 Ленок (Lenok) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2 × Poseidon class DSRV's </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Beluga</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1710 Макрель
(Makrel, mackerel) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">It was an experimental
vessel used for testing propulsion systems, hull forms, and
boundary-layer control techniques. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Lima</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1840" width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1840</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Large special. It was used
for trying out new technologies, research, or special mission
support </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Nuclear_powered"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Nuclear
powered</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Attack
Submarines</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="123"></col>
<col width="124"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="293"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1st Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">November</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">627 Кит, 645 Кит-ЖМТ
(Kit, whale) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="14" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">14</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2nd Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Victor I</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">671, 671B, 671K, 671R Ёрш
(Yorsh, ruffe) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="16" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">16</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Victor II</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">671RT </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="7" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Victor III</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">671RTM Щука (Shchuka,
pike) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="26" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">26</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3rd Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Alfa</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">705, 705K Лира (Lira,
lyre) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="7" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br />Sierra I </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">945 Барракуда
(Barrakuda, barracuda) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br />Sierra II</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">945A Кондор (Kondor,
condor) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Mike</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">685 Плавник
(Plavnik, fin) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Record submergence depth of
1,020 metres (3,350 feet) </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4th Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Akula</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project 971 Щука-Б
(Shchuka-B, Pike-B) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="15" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Severodvinsk </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project 885 Ясень
(Yasen, ash) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Guided
Missile Submarines</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="53*"></col>
<col width="53*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="121*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="100%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1st Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Echo I </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="659" width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">659</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="5" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Echo II</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="675" width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">675</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="29" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">29</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="100%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2nd Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Papa</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">661 Анчар (Anchar,
upas) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Fastest speed ever recorded
for a submerged vehicle at 44.7 knots </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yankee Notch </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667AT Груша (Grusha,
pear) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br />Yankee Sidecar </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667M Андромеда
(Andromeda, the constellation) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Charlie I</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">670 Скат (Skat, ray) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="11" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">11</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Charlie II</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">670M Скат-М (Skat-M,
ray) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="100%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3rd Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Oscar 1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">949 Гранит (Granit,
granite) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br />Oscar II </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">949A Антей (Antey,
Antaeus) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="11" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">11</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="100%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4th Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Severodvinsk<br /></span><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">885 Ясень (Yasen, ash)
</span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 12.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Ballistic_missile"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Ballistic
missile Submarines</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="123"></col>
<col width="124"></col>
<col width="68"></col>
<col width="293"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1st Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Hotel</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">658, 701 </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="8" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">8</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2nd Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yankee I </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667A Навага, 667AU
Налим (Navaga; Nalim, burbot) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="34" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">34</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yankee II</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667AM Навага-М
(Navaga-M) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Delta I</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667B Мурена (Murena,
eel) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="18" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">18</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Delta II</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667BD Мурена-М
(Murena-M, eel) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Delta III</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667BDR Кальмар
(Kal'mar, squid) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="14" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">14</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Delta IV</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">667BDRM Дельфин
(Del'fin, dolphin) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="7" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">7</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3rd Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Typhoon</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">941 Акула; (Akula,
shark) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" valign="TOP" width="633">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4th Generation</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dolgorukiy </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">955 Борей; (Borei,
Boreas) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="123">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dolgorukiy </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="124">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">955А Борей; (Borei,
Boreas) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="3" width="68">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td width="293">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a name="Auxiliary_submarines_2"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Auxiliary
submarines</span></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="53*"></col>
<col width="53*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="121*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">NATO Reporting Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Project</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Uniform </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1910 Кашалот
(Kashalot, cachalot) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yankee Pod </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">09774 Аксон (Akson) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yankee Stretch </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="9774" width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">9774</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Yankee Big Nose </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">09780 Аксон-2
(Akson-2) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Sarov</span></p>
</td>
<td width="21%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">20120 Сарган (Sargan
or Sarov) </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="1" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="47%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Reference</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Bing Chat </p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-15389178932204206162023-10-15T06:30:00.117+08:002024-02-07T15:51:15.873+08:00二戰後澳大利亞潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Australia After WWII)-2023<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfp2xciGQqk2O5VbkDAq9AJdlOHN28D6VEdcFJL1aEyYvlW5G4nobXWoka_I8rYbl1pcr7dkOSE-BEKfPXac4KOqnsDTtf9uSsfAxFa78RKJ7q0v4Zx9SuwmsmAR5fOfqPghA8qVPc8_bBwl_jIMRCDPCvWZrqjJc0J0TfIbwhecxwL5XgY1OLonn25BA/s200/AUKUS_logo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfp2xciGQqk2O5VbkDAq9AJdlOHN28D6VEdcFJL1aEyYvlW5G4nobXWoka_I8rYbl1pcr7dkOSE-BEKfPXac4KOqnsDTtf9uSsfAxFa78RKJ7q0v4Zx9SuwmsmAR5fOfqPghA8qVPc8_bBwl_jIMRCDPCvWZrqjJc0J0TfIbwhecxwL5XgY1OLonn25BA/s1600/AUKUS_logo.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjxPv8dUQkxkB7mAsn84ueRW-AHm8lTlsZL_O4Jaxi-kO3bRZEvhQHZ5v20otCiadMLsNZ5sdJUD-4woFpU9kF8MJsQjPuM0adjQ69jzxjzJvTBJkQoQQaNfA2K_l2P0H_A-Tr9-8FRkVGKHZCGdA22D3uZWaFqNlxJqQNnKJCc5aJNRMmyqjoKkTaOPc/s800/800px-AUKUS-Submarine-Virginia-Astute.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjxPv8dUQkxkB7mAsn84ueRW-AHm8lTlsZL_O4Jaxi-kO3bRZEvhQHZ5v20otCiadMLsNZ5sdJUD-4woFpU9kF8MJsQjPuM0adjQ69jzxjzJvTBJkQoQQaNfA2K_l2P0H_A-Tr9-8FRkVGKHZCGdA22D3uZWaFqNlxJqQNnKJCc5aJNRMmyqjoKkTaOPc/s320/800px-AUKUS-Submarine-Virginia-Astute.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">image source:Internet & Wikipedia</div><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">地處南太平洋的南方大陸澳洲,地廣人稀,陸地領土有六百多萬平方公里,但由於上世紀的白澳政策影響,雖然自千禧年解禁,直到2023年人口只比台灣多了幾十萬人,向來不是全球熱門的政治與軍事熱點,但近年中國在全球擴張軍事與經濟影響力,甚至滲透不少亞洲與西方國家,已經造成西方國家的重大威脅,而中資企業甚至租下澳洲達爾文港的港口經營權99年,已對澳洲造成重大國安威脅。</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">澳洲在二戰時期由於出兵幫忙英美等盟軍對軸心國作戰,加上算英國領地,並享有相當高的自治權,而在政治上也是大力支持西方盟國,在軍事武器發展上除了核子武器外一直沒受到太大限制,早期還從英國得到奧伯龍級潛艦與莊嚴級航空母艦等等武裝,近期則從西班牙引進坎培拉級兩棲突擊艦與荷巴特級神盾驅逐艦。第二代潛艦則與瑞典合作</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AIP</span><span lang="zh-TW">潛艦柯林斯級。而第三代潛艦原本是與法國合作,法國提供新一代的</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span><span lang="zh-TW">艦體搭配新</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AIP</span><span lang="zh-TW">動力系統給澳洲,但澳洲後來因為</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AUKUS</span><span lang="zh-TW">核子動力攻擊潛艦計畫取消本計劃。</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="zh-TW">澳洲由於沿岸海岸線寬廣,加上地處南太平洋,實際上很適合可以長程遠洋操作的核子動力潛艇作業與部署,並可以幫歐美國家守住南太平洋,避免中國或俄羅斯海軍SSN、SSGN</span><span lang="zh-TW">與</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSBN</span><span lang="zh-TW">在南太平洋的軍事活動。</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2021</span>年<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">9</span>月<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">15</span>日,美國總統喬<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>拜登、英國首相<span lang="zh-TW">波</span>里斯<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>強森和澳洲總理史考特<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">·</span>莫里森發布聯合聲明,宣告<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">AUKUS</span>的成立,並首倡提出預計於<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">18</span>個月內幫助澳洲構建一支核子動力潛艦艦隊<span lang="zh-TW">,由英美提供主要技術,美國也向澳洲提供軍用的濃縮鈾潛艇燃料,並由英國負責設計規劃英國與澳洲的下一代新SSN潛艦,且由英國與澳洲先後自行建造本國潛艦</span>。聯合聲明表示該聯盟將致力於保護其人民並支援和平和基於規則的國際秩序,保護、捍衛三方在印太地區的共同利益,加強三方聯合、情報共享、人工智慧、量子技術等領域發展。
<span lang="zh-TW">初期澳洲由美國先購買3艘維吉尼亞級</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SSN</span><span lang="zh-TW">,並有額外的2艘選擇權,來避免柯林斯級潛艦陸續退役的水下艦隊防衛破洞,以及新核子動力潛艦至少於</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2040</span><span lang="zh-TW">年才服役前的水面下國防空窗期。目前英澳具體建造的SSN總數尚未完全敲定,但比較可能由英國現役機敏級為基礎再設計新一代的SSN,也是澳洲有機會成為第七個擁有SSN的國家,並一舉獲得最先進的SSN技術。<span></span></span></p>
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<a name='more'></a><p></p>
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Oberon class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">British designed
submarines.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Collins class(Type 471)</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="6" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Enlarged version of the
Swedish Västergötland class AIP submarine. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Attack class</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 12 originally but </span>project cancelled,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">owing to AUKUS Alliance</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Virginia class(3-5) and
SSN-AUKUS(?)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">TBD. SSN-AUKUS is a
planned class of nuclear-powered fleet submarine (SSN) will intend to
enter service with the United Kingdom's Royal Navy in the late
2030s and Royal Australian Navy in the 2040s. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Reference</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-Lingual
Wikipedia</span></p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-77120337187222826322023-10-08T06:00:00.090+08:002023-10-09T10:22:02.291+08:00二戰後西班牙潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Spain After WWII)-2023<p> </p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">不同於美俄,歐洲國家單國的國力與國防武器需求量遠小於美俄,因此二戰後多數採兩國、三國甚至多國合作開發主要國防武器設備,特別是海空軍的武裝,而最著名的兩國就是義大利與西班牙,義大利水面艦多數與法國合作,而潛艇則找德國合作。西班牙則是水面艦自力開發或與美國合作,而潛艦目前則與法國緊密合作。直至目前已經賣出一艘世界最小噸位的航空母艦給泰國,並技轉璜·卡洛斯一世兩棲突擊艦給澳洲,本級艦是目前除了美國兩棲突擊艦以外唯一服役後能起降F-35B的兩棲突擊艦。並從台灣當年的田單小神盾計畫得到靈感,發展出阿爾瓦羅·巴贊級神盾艦,不過最後噸位也到達六千噸左右,比台灣當初規劃的四、五千噸有一段差距,不過由於當年的電子技術沒現在這麼發達,要縮小相位雷達所需的技術等級太高,再加上艦體噸位實在太小的問題,不過也證實台灣海軍當年的小神盾構想並沒有錯,只是當時的時空背景與科技技術水準不夠,加上高漲的研發與造艦費用不得不放棄。</p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">由於法國的潛艦已經完全核子動力化且傳統動力潛艇已不再服役僅供外銷,法國要生產傳統動力潛艇則剛好與西班牙互補,也在熱銷的俄德潛艇外,另外找到一條外銷出路。</p><p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span></span></p>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Foca class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">?</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Tiburón class</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">?</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Almirante García de los
Reyes class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">?</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><a name="firstHeading"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">US
Balao-class submarine</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Delfín class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">French Daphné class
submarines. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Galerna class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4 in Service. French Agosta
class submarines.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">S-80 Plus class</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p lang="zh-TW"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 4, 3
in construction. Cooperated with France.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" valign="TOP" width="100%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Export models:</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Gür (E) class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">German Type 209, Built by
Spain, and sold to Turkey.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Scorpène-class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><br />
</p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">France-Spain
cooperation</span><span lang="zh-TW">,</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">French
first AIP class submarines. Planned 18,4 cancelled,and operators
are Chile,Malaysia,India, and Brazil.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">Reference</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4316612681774216336.post-35140577055341302152023-10-01T06:00:00.022+08:002023-10-08T09:42:24.442+08:00二戰後義大利潛艦發展(Development of Submarines in Italy After WWII)-2023<p> </p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">相較於德國與日本,義大利算二戰軸心國裡被限制發展軍備最少的,二戰後連航空母艦都可以發展,只差不能發展核子動力艦艇與核子武器。而義大利的水面艦隊除了目前有兩艘短場起降航空母艦外,也有歐系神盾驅逐艦與神盾巡防艦的艦隊,和法國共同開發的<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">FREMM</span>神盾巡防艦艦體也獲得美國海軍新一代巡防艦<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">FFG(X)</span>的標案,成為星座級,除了上面的戰系與武裝甚至推進裝備從法義系換為美系外,主要艦體就是<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">FREMM</span>。除了星座級巡防艦,義大利也幫印度設計航空母艦並已經成軍服役,也義大利自己也正在進行三艘第里雅斯特級兩棲突擊艦的艦造,未來也可起降F-35B。</p>
<p lang="zh-TW" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">義大利在水面艦艇雖然發展建造很成功,但水下的潛艦發展就沒有像英法德荷與瑞典成功,自力開發潛艦主要只發展了兩個級別,最新一代的潛艦則是與德國合作發展<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">212A</span>級。美國後來買下義大利海軍四艘退役的掃羅級潛艦,原本傳聞要轉給臺灣,但最後也沒下文,台灣後來也走向自主開發<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">IDS</span>潛艦之路,首艦預計<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2024</span>年海試,<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2025</span>年成軍。<span></span></p>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<colgroup><col width="60*"></col>
<col width="30*"></col>
<col width="166*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody><tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Class Name</span></p>
</td>
<td width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Note</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Toti class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">They were the first
submarines designed and built in Italy since World War II. These
boats were small and designed as "hunter killer"
anti-submarine submarines. They are comparable to the German Type
205 submarines and the French Aréthuse-class submarines. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Nazario Sauro class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Italy developed the Sauro
class submarines in the 1970s to counter the underwater threat of
the Soviet Union. </span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Salvatore Pelosi class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2 in service. Improved
Sauro.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Primo Longobardo class </span>
</p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="2" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">2 in service. Improved
Pelosi.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Salvatore Todaro class</span></p>
</td>
<td sdnum="1028;" sdval="4" width="12%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="65%">
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Planned 8, 4 in service.
German Type 212A for Italian Navy.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><div><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Reference</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">Multi-Lingual Wikipedia</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">軍武狂人夢</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">潛水艦事典</p></div>Supernova之家http://www.blogger.com/profile/01673737865818168552noreply@blogger.com0