利用機身內部結構以外空間裝載燃料的特殊設計軍用機，可在空中為其他具有空中加油設備的軍用機補充燃料，使軍用機的航程不再受到起飛時最大燃料裝載量限制，增加了作戰飛機的航程，而不用在燃料耗盡前需回到基地或者航空母艦上加油即可繼續執行任務以節省往返基地的燃料與往返時間。通常由戰略轟炸機、運輸機、民航機改裝甚至戰鬥機或攻擊機也可加裝空中加油裝置扮演夥伴加油的角色。
使用最廣泛的空中加油系統有兩類：
軟管式空中加油系統亦稱爲軟管-浮錨式加油系統，是英國空中加油有限公司研發出來的，於
1949
年問世。受油機的設備非常簡單，只要在機首或機翼前緣裝一根固定的或可伸縮的受油管即可。而加油機的加油設備則由絞盤、一條
22 至
30
公尺長的軟管和一個漏斗式浮錨所組成。浮錨呈漏斗狀，且重量輕，上面裝有機械自鎖機構。當受油管伸進浮錨後，浮錨上的機構自動鎖緊受油管口使之與輸油軟管相銜接，軟管則由絞盤控制放出和回收。
飛桁式加油系統由美國Boeing研發成功，緊跟在英國的軟管式加油系統發明之後不久，於1949年12月開始使用。加油機的尾部結構裝有一具由兩截可伸縮的剛性伸縮管所組成的加油桁桿與操作人員控制艙，其結構與機尾結構合而為一。
最大優勢是輸油速度較快，燃油輸送流量可達到每分鐘
6,000公升左右，且因為是使用剛性桿對空氣亂流的敏感度較低且銜接操縱方便。缺點是一次只能給一架軍機加油通用性較差，且需要有受過專業訓練的加油操作員。
photo
source:Internet & Wikipedia飛桁式
美國
Boeing
KC-135 Stratotanker(從Boeing
707客機開發而來)
MPRS models will have two drogue hose reels (pods) at the wingtips
衍生型
KC-135A
Original
production version powered by fourPratt & Whitney J57s, 732
built. Given the Boeing model numbers 717-100A, 717-146 and 717-148.
NKC-135A
Test-configured
KC-135A.
KC-135B
Airborne
command post version with 17 built equipped with turbofan engines.
Provided with in-flight refueling capability and redesignated
EC-135C. Given the model number 717-166.
KC-135D
All
four RC-135As (Pacer Swan) were modified to partial KC-135A
configuration in 1979.The four aircraft (serial numbers63-8058,
63-8059, 63-8060and63-8061) were given a unique designation KC-135D
as they differed from the KC-135A in that they were built with a
flight engineer's position on the flight deck.The flight engineer's
position was removed when the aircraft were modified to KC-135
standards but they retained their electrically powered wing flap
secondary (emergency) drive mechanism and second air conditioning
pack which had been used to cool the RC-135As on-board photo-mapping
systems.Later re-engined withPratt & Whitney TF33engines and a
cockpit update to KC-135E standards in 1990 and are were retired to
the 309th AMARG atDavis-Monthan AFB, AZ in 2007.
KC-135E
Air
National Guard and Air Force Reserve KC-135As re-engined withPratt &
Whitney TF-33-PW-102engines from retired 707 airliners (161
modified). All E model aircraft were retired to the 309th AMARG
atDavis-Monthan AFBby September 2009 and replaced with R models.
NKC-135E
Test-configured
KC-135E.
KC-135Q
KC-135As
modified to carryJP-7fuel necessary for theSR-71 Blackbird, 56
modified,survivors to KC-135T.
KC-135R
(1960s)
4
JC/KC-135As converted toRivet Stand(LaterRivet Quick) configuration
for reconnaissance and evaluation of above ground nuclear test
(55-3121, 59-1465, 59-1514, 58-0126, 58-0126 replaced 59-1465 after
59-1465 crashed in 1965). These aircraft were powered byPratt &
Whitney J57Engines and were based atOffutt AFB,Nebraska.
KC-135R
KC-135As
and some KC-135Es re-engined withCFM-56engines, at least 361
converted.
KC-135R(RT)
Receiver-capable
KC-135R Stratotanker, 8 modified with either a Boeing or LTV receiver
system and a secure voice SATCOM radio.
KC-135T
KC-135Q
re-engined with CFM-56 engines, 54 modified.
EC-135Y
An
airborne command post modified in 1984 to supportCINCCENT. Aircraft
55-3125 was the only EC-135Y. Unlike its sister EC-135N, it was a
true tanker that could also receive in-flight refueling.Pratt &
Whitney TF-33-PW-102. Currently retired to 309th AMARG
atDavis-Monthan AFB, AZ.
使用國
Chilean
Air Force operates 3 KC-135Es. It received its first KC-135E in
February 2010.
French
Air Force operates 11 C-135FRs and 3 KC-135Rs.
Republic
of Singapore Air Force operates 4 former USAF KC-135R tankers;they
are occasionally used as VIP, aeromedical transports[citation
needed]and military support.
Turkish
Air Force operates 7 KC-135Rs.
NASA(已於
2004年除役)
United
States Air Force operates 415 KC-135s (168Active duty, 67Air Force
Reserve, and 180Air National Guard) as of September 2012.
Boeing
747
Used
only by the IIAF and now the IRIAF, the Boeing 747 is the largest
inflight refueling tanker. It is equipped with a single Boeing high
speed boom.
McDonnell
Douglas KC-10 Extender(從McDonnell
Douglas DC-10 客機開發而來)
also
has a retractable hose and drogue that can be selected in-flight
can
be fitted with two underwing pods (similar to the KC-135's MPRS)
capable of simultaneously refueling two receiver aircraft (Wing Air
Refueling Pods or WARPs)
Boom
operator is in a rear-facing seat with a downward facing window with
fly by wire controls.
The
Royal Netherlands Air Force operates two KDC-10s – former civil
aircraft modified to a similar standard to the KC-10
衍生型
TheKC-10
Extender is a military version of the DC-10-30CF for aerial
refueling. The aircraft was ordered by the U.S. Air Force and
delivered from 1981 to 1988. A total of 60 were built.
The
KDC-10 is an aerial refueling tanker for theRoyal Netherlands Air
Force. These were converted from civil airliners (DC-10-30CF) to a
similar standard as the KC-10. Also, commercial refueling
companiesOmega Aerial Refueling Services and Global Air tanker
Service operate two KDC-10 tankers for lease. Four have been built.
TheDC-10
Air Tanker is a DC-10-based firefighting tanker aircraft, using
modified water tanks from Erickson Air-Crane.
To
modernize the platform, the USAF has awarded a contract to Boeing in
2010 to upgrade the fleet of 59 aircraft with new communication,
navigation, surveillance and air traffic management (CNS/ATM) system.
使用國
United
States Air Force– 59 KC-10 aircraft in use as of September, 2012.
Royal
Netherlands Air Force operates 2 KDC-10s
Boeing KC-767(從Boeing 767客機改裝而來)
In service with the Italian Air Force (AMI) and Japan Air Self Defense Force (Entered service on March 26, 2009)
衍生型
KC-767A
Tanker variant of the 767-200 for the United States Air Force, order cancelled but four similar aircraft built for the Italian Air Force.
KC-767J
Designation for the KC-767A built for the Japan Air Self Defence Force, four built.
KC-46A
Tanker variant of the 767-2C for the United States Air Force.
767 MMTT
Multi Mission Tanker Transport is a conversion of the Boeing 767 by Bedek Aircraft Division ofIsraeli Aerospace Industries(IAI).The first 767 MMTT was converted in June 2010 with the addition of wing refueling pods, and a side cargo door. The variant can perform aerial tanker, cargo, and VIP transport duties. TheColombian Air Force took delivery of one 767 MMTT in 2010.
KC-X2
Boeing 767-300ER tanker conversions ordered from IAI by Brazilian Air Force under its KC-X2 program.
使用國
Italian Air Force- four KC-767A
Japan Air Self-Defense Force- four KC-767J
Brazilian Air Force- three KC-X2 on order
Colombian Air Force- one 767 MMTT
歐洲
Airbus A330 MRTT
derived from the Airbus A330-200 airliner. Versions operated by the Australian ,Emirati and Saudi air forces are equipped with both a flying boom and hose-and-drogue refueling units.
衍生型
A330 MRTT
An Airbus A330-200 converted by Airbus Military for air-refuelling duties.
KC-30A
Australian designation for an A330 MRTT with two under-wing refuelling pods and an Aerial Refuelling Boom System.
KC-45A
United States Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with two under-wing refuelling pods and an Aerial Refuelling Boom System, order cancelled.
Voyager KC2
Royal Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with two Cobham 905 under-wing pods, primarily used for refuelling fast jets.
Voyager KC3
Royal Air Force designation for an A330 MRTT with two under-wing pods and a "Cobham Fuselage Refuelling Unit (FRU)" for a centreline refuelling capability, primarily used for refuelling large aircraft.
使用國
Royal Australian Air Force- 5 in service "Launch Customer" 2 on order
33 Squadron
French Air Force- 9 aircraft on order
Royal Netherlands Air Force – 2 aircraft on order
Royal Saudi Air Force- 6 on order, 3 delivered
Republic of Singapore Air Force- 6 on order
Republic of Korea Air Force – 4 on order
United Arab Emirates Air Force- 3 on order all delivered.
Air Refuelling Squadron
Royal Air Force- 9 in service. A total of 14 aircraft on order (7 × KC2, 5 × KC3 + 2 fitted for KC3).
10 Squadron
101 Squadron
浮錨式，包含夥伴加油系統(buddy
refueling)
Boeing
707
Used
by the US Navy, conversion by Omega Aerial Refueling Services.
Used
by the RAAF (retired), Brazilian Air Force (FAB), RCAF, AMI (no
longer in service), SAAF, Venezuelan Air Force and others
AdlA
KC-135 Stratotankers use the probe-and-drogue system.
Colombian
Air Force (FAC), a Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker modified with a
Multi-Point Refueling System PODS.
RCAF
used to use CC-137 Husky (Boeing 707) for refueling. Both were
retired in 1997.
Boeing
767 Conversion by IAI
FAC,
a 767-200ER fitted with two ARP3 refueling pods under the wings, and
cargo door.
Lockheed
HC-130 Hercules and KC-130 Hercules
衍生型
KC-130B
Six
C-130B models were modified into in-flight refueling tankers. 4
currently operating with the Republic of Singapore Air Force(all four
to be upgraded to KC-130H standard), 2 with Indonesian Air Force.
KC-130F
Enhanced
KC-130B, 46 built
KC-130H
Tanker
variant of C-130H, 33 built
KC-130R
14
former USAF aircraft transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps.
KC-130T
Variant
from C-130H, 28 built
KC-130T-30
Variant
from C-130H-30, 2 built . These have been transferred to the U.S.
Navy and converted to C-130T-30s.
KC-130J
Variant
from C-130J
- 使用國
- Argentina
- Argentine Air Force
- 1st Air Transport Squadron – El Palomar Air Base KC-130H
- Brazil
- Brazilian Air Force
- 1º/1ºGT (1º Esquadrão do 1º Grupo de Transporte) – Galeão Air Force Base, Two KC-130H
- Canada
- Royal Canadian Air Force
- 435 Transport and Rescue Squadron operates 5 KC-130H as CC-130H(T)
- France
- French Air Force
- Two KC-130Js on order and delivery in 2016.
- Israel
- Israeli Air Force
- 103 "Elephants" Squadron at Nevatim KC-130H
- 131 "Yellow Bird" Squadron at Nevatim KC-130H
- Italy
- Italian Air Force
- 46 Brigata Aerea, 2 Gruppo – Pisa-San Giusto operates 7 C-130J converted to KC-130J,1 lost to crash
- Japan
- Japan Maritime Self Defense Force
- 6 KC-130R aircrafts.
- Indonesia
- Indonesian Air Force
- Skadron Udara 32 operated 2 KC-130B. One crashed in 2015.
- Kuwait
- Kuwait Air Force
- 3 KC-130J in service, with an option to purchase three more
- Libya
- Libyan Air Force
- 7 are on order
- Malaysia
- Royal Malaysian Air Force
- 4 KC-130T in service
- Morocco
- Royal Moroccan Air Force
- Operates 2 KC-130H aircraft
- Saudi Arabia
- Royal Saudi Air Force
- 32 Sqn based at Prince Sultan Airbase (KC-130H): 5 KC-130J on order
- Singapore
- Republic of Singapore Air Force
- 122 Squadron operates 4 KC-130B and 1 KC-130H.
- United States
- United States Marine Corps
- VMGR-152 KC-130J operates 14 KC-130J
- VMGR-252 KC-130J operates 14 KC-130J
- VMGR-352 KC-130J operates 14 KC-130J
- VMGR-234 operates 5 KC-130J
- VMGR-452 operates 12 KC-130T
- VMGRT-253 inactive since 2006
- United States Navy
- VX-20, a combined USN/USMC squadron, operates 1 KC-130J used for testing and evaluation, and 3 KC-130R for refueling USN and USMC aircraft conducting tests at NAS Patuxent River
- VX-30 operates 3 KC-130F for refueling USN and USMC aircraft conducting tests on the NAVAIR Point Mugu Range; the KC-130Fs also conduct range clearing and safety surveillance
- United States Coast Guard
- Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
- Equipped for buddy tanking with several nations.
Boeing
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
Equipped
for buddy refueling as "Strike tankers". Taking over
tanking duties as the S-3 is retired from service.
Dassault
Rafale
equipped
for buddy refueling
俄羅斯
衍生型
Ilyushin
Il-78 Midas
Russian
Air Force Ilyushin Il-78 with three refueling hose-drogue units (two
wing, one fuselage)
Standard
Russian tanker, adapted from Il-76 cargo/transport aircraft
衍生型
Il-78
The
Il-78 was the original production version with two removable fuselage
tanks and a maximum transferable load of 85.72 tonnes (188,540 lb).
Il-78T
Alternative
designation for Il-78 due to retention of all cargo handling
equipment and convertible freight hold.
Il-78M
The
Il-78M entered service in 1987 as a dedicated tanker equipped with
three permanent fuselage tanks, a higher gross weight of 210tons, and
no cargo door or cargo handling equipment. The cargo ramp is retained
but non-functional. Total fuel capacity is 138 tonnes (303,600 lb),
of which 105.7 tonnes (232,540 lb) is transferable.
Il-78M-90A
(Il-478)
Based
on the Il-76MD-90A. Prototype will be delivered to 2015.
Il-78ME
Export
version of Il-78M.
Il-78MKI
Customized
variant of the Il-78ME for the Indian Air Force. These
Uzbekistan-built planes are fitted with Israeli fuel transfer systems
and can refuel six-eight Sukhoi Su-30MKIs in one mission.
Il-78MP
Multi-role
aerial refuelling tanker/transport aircraft, with removable fuel
tanks in cargo hold and UPAZ refuelling pods, for the Pakistan Air
Force,and Chinese Air Force.
使用國
As
of March 2009, more than 34 Il-78s were in operation.
Algeria
Algerian
Air Force
China
PLAAF
- 3 Il-78MP.
India
Indian
Air Force - 6 Il-78MKI (As of February 2014). The Indian Air Force
refers to the aircraft as "MARS" (Mid Air Refuelling
System) and has raised a new unit (No 78 Sqn). India is also
considering procurement of six more Il-78 after scrapping deal with
Airbus.
Libya
Libyan
Air Force
Pakistan
Pakistan
Air Force - ˋ Il-78MP aircraft were ordered from Ukrainian surplus
aircraft stocks, fitted with removable fuel tanks and UPAZ refuelling
pods.The first of the four aircraft was delivered in December 2009.A
total of four Il-78MPs have been delivered to the PAF as of May 2012.
Russia
Russian
Air Force - 19 aircraft in the 203rd Guards Air Refuelling Regiment,
which is based in Dyagilevo.
Ukraine
Ukrainian
Air Force- 8 aircraft.
United
States
One
former Ukrainian aircraft was imported in to the United States with
an aim to operate the aircraft for contracted refuelling to United
States military by various companies, by 2012 the aircraft was
registered to the Bank of Utah.
Ilyushin
Il-96-400TZ
使用國
Russia
Russian
Ministry of Defense - 2 on order
Mikoyan
MiG-29K
equipped
for buddy refueling
Sukhoi
Su-24M
equipped
for buddy refueling with the UPAZ container as "Strike tankers"
Sukhoi
Su-33
equipped
for buddy refueling
歐洲
Airbus
A310 MRTT
derived from the Airbus A310 airliner
使用國
4
for Luftwaffe
2
for Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), as CC-150T Polaris
Airbus
A330 MRTT
derived
from the Airbus A330-200 airliner.
In
RAF service it is exclusively hose-and-drogue and is known as Voyager
KC2 and KC3. It is operated under aleasing arrangement and have been
made as civilian standard as possible with limitations such as; no
self-refueling capability and only the KC3 model (five on order) is
fitted with a fuselage mounted high capacity hose-and-drogue system.
Australian,
Emirati and Saudi operators have a refueling boom in addition to wing
mounted hose-and-drogue systems
Airbus A400M, a strategic
transport and tanker aircraft in service since 2013.
In service with the French Air Force, introduction into the RAF and Luftwaffe by 2014.
英國
Vickers
VC10
C1K,
K3 and K4 variants deployed by the RAF. The K2 variant is no longer
in service.
衍生型：
VC10
C1: RAF designation for the VC10 Type 1106; 14 built, 13 converted to
VC10 C1K
VC10
C1K: RAF designation for 13 VC10 Type 1180 transport/tanker aircraft
converted from VC10 C1, 2-point and no maindeck tanks
VC10
K2: RAF designation for five VC10 Type 1112 inflight-refuelling
tankers converted from Type 1101
VC10
K3: RAF designation for four VC10 Type 1164 inflight-refuelling
tankers converted from Type 1154, 3-point and maindeck tanks
VC10
K4: RAF designation for five VC10 Type 1170 inflight-refuelling
tankers converted from Type 1151, 3-point but no maindeck tanks
使用國
United
Kingdom
Royal
Air Force (original operator)
No.
10 Squadron RAF
No.
101 Squadron RAF last operator of the type.
No.
1312 Flight RAF
中國
Xian
HY-6U
Equipped
for buddy refueling in the PLAAF service.
衍生型
Xian
HY-6 (Hongzhaji You-6) — First successful in-flight refuelling
tanker variant in Chinese service. Retained PV-23 fire control
system of H-6 and thus can still be deployed as a missile launcher.
Xian
HY-6U - Modified HY-6 tanker in service with the PLAAF, with PV-23
fire control system and Type 244 radar deleted, and thus a dedicated
refueling aircraft. Also referred as H-6U
Xian
HY-6D - First aerial refueling tanker for PLANAF, converted from
H-6D. The most distinct difference between HY-6U and HY-6D is that
HY-6U has a metal nose cone, while HY-6D still has the transparent
class nose. Like the original HY-6, PV-23 fire control system is
also retained on HY-6D, which enables the aircraft also to serve as
a missile carrying and launching platform.
Xian
HY-6DU - Aerial refuelling tanker for the PLANAF, modified HY-6D,
also referred as H-6DU. Similar to HY-6U, HY-6DU is a dedicated
aerial refueling tanker when its PV-23 fire control system is
removed from the aircraft.
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