攻擊直升機又稱武裝直升機，是一種主要以裝備對地攻擊性武器進行攻擊的軍用直升機，在作戰一方取得空中優勢後，用於攻擊地面目標如步兵、裝甲車輛和地面建築物等，主要武裝為機炮、機槍、火箭以及對地精密導引飛彈。目前不少攻擊直升機也裝備空對空飛彈，但主要用於自衛，而新一代的攻擊直升機同時也配備頭盔瞄準器讓駕駛者可以更容易操作以進行攻擊任務。由於配備大量重型武器有時也稱為直升機炮艇(helicopter gunships)。
當今的攻擊直升機主要有兩個用途：為地面部隊提供直接和精確的近距離空中支援以及破壞敵軍裝甲部隊的集結為目標。攻擊直升機有時也會擔負偵查用輕型直升機之任務，用以觀察敵方地面部隊狀態。
自1960年代初越戰開戰後，美國陸軍一方面大量使用直升機進行空中偵察和部隊與裝備的運輸，另一方面，也開始考慮利用直升機對地攻擊作戰的問題。於是，越戰催生了世界最早的實戰型戰鬥直升機AH-1，為地面部隊與車隊和空中運輸直升機進行護航。AH-1機載武器包括機炮、火箭和炸彈等。隨著美國陸軍AH-1戰鬥直升機的成功使用，也讓美國海軍產生了興趣，AH-1也開始部署於兩棲作戰艦艇上，成為海軍在兩棲作戰時的空中新武力。而前蘇聯也在1960年代以能提供戰場步兵機動性，以及為地面部隊提供支援的概念推出了Mi-24雌鹿，並在1972年成軍使用。至於歐洲則是到了1984年法國與西德政府才有所謂的戰場多功能直昇機的戰鬥直昇機開發計畫。
美國
Bell
AH-1 Cobra／眼鏡蛇
衍生型
單引擎
Bell
209
Original AH-1G
prototype with retractable skid landing gear. This model number is
also used by the FAA for the civilian registration of former U.S.
Army AH-1s used in firefighting service.
AH-1G
HueyCobra
Initial 1966
production model gunship for the US Army, with one 1,400 shp
(1,000 kW) Avco Lycoming T53-13 turboshaft.
JAH-1G
HueyCobra
One helicopter
for armament testing including Hellfire missiles and multi-barrel
cannon.
TH-1G
HueyCobra
Two-seat
dual-control trainer.
Z.14
HueyCobra
The Spanish Navy
purchased eight new-build AH-1Gs, designating the type the "Z-14".
These were equipped with the M35 20 mm cannon system, and were
used to support coastal patrol boats. Four of these were lost in
accidents. The remaining helicopters were retired in 1985 with three
sent back to the US, and one kept in storage in Spain.
YAH-1Q
Eight AH-1Gs with
XM26 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU) and two M56 TOW 4-pack launchers.
AH-1Q
HueyCobra
Equipped with the
M65 TOW/Cobra missile subsystem, M65 Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU), and
M73 Reflex sight. All future versions will be equipped with the TSU
and be equipped to fire the TOW missile subsystem.
YAH-1R
AH-1G powered by
a T53-L-703 engine without TOW system.
YAH-1S
AH-1Q upgrade and
TOW system.
AH-1S
The baseline
AH-1S is an AH-1Q upgraded with a 1,800 shp (1,300 kW)
T53-L-703 turboshaft engine. The AH-1S is also referred to as the
"Improved AH-1S", "AH-1S Modified", or
"AH-1S(MOD)" prior to 1988. (Prior to 1988, all upgraded
aircraft were referred to as variants of the AH-1S.)
QAH-1S
A target drone
conversion of the AH-1S by Bell-Bristol Aerospace under a joint US
and Canadian development program started in 1994. Honeywell further
modified the QAH-1S into the Hokum-X
by installing systems and hardware to allow it to simulate the
Russian Kamov Ka-50 attack helicopter. Three Hokum-Xs were completed
from 1998-2001.
AH-1P
100 production
aircraft with composite rotors, flat plate glass cockpit, and
improved cockpit layout for nap-of-earth (NOE) flight. The AH-1P is
also referred to as the "Production AH-1S", or
"AH-1S(PROD)" prior to 1988. These improvements are
considered Step 1 of the AH-1S upgrade program.
AH-1E
98 production
aircraft with the Enhanced Cobra Armament System (ECAS) featuring the
M97A1 armament subsystem with a three-barreled M197 20 mm
cannon. The AH-1E is also referred to as the "Upgunned AH-1S",
or "AH-1S(ECAS)" prior to 1988. These improvements are
considered Step 2 of the AH-1S upgrade program. AH-1E aircraft
included the M147 Rocket Management Subsystem (RMS) to fire 2.75-inch
(70 mm) rockets.
AH-1F
143 production
aircraft and 387 converted AH-1G Cobras. The AH-1F incorporates all
Step 1 and 2 upgrades to the AH-1S. It also featured Step 3 upgrades:
a head-up display, a laser rangefinder, an infrared jammer mounted
above the engine exhaust, and an infrared suppressing engine exhaust
system, and the M143 Air Data Subsystem (ADS). The AH-1F is also
referred to as the "Modernized AH-1S", "AH-1S
Modernized Cobra", or "AH-1S(MC)" prior to 1988.
Model
249
Experimental
demonstrator version fitted with a four-bladed rotor system, an
uprated engine and experimental equipment, including Hellfire
missiles.
Bell
309 KingCobra
Experimental
all-weather version based on the AH-1G single-engine and AH-1J
twin-engine designs. Two Bell 309s were produced; the first was
powered by a PW&C T400-CP-400 Twin-Pac engine set and the second
was powered by a Lycoming T-55-L-7C engine.
Bell
AH-1 SuperCobra／超級眼鏡蛇
衍生型
雙引擎
AH-1J
SeaCobra
Original twin
engine version.
AH-1J
International
Export version of
the AH-1J SeaCobra.
AH-1T
Improved SeaCobra
Improved version
with extended tailboom and fuselage and an upgraded transmission and
engines.
AH-1W
SuperCobra
("Whiskey
Cobra"), day/night version with more powerful engines and
advanced weapons capability.
AH-1(4B)W
Viper
"Four-Bladed
Whiskey" test version with a 4-bladed bearingless composite main
rotor based on Bell 680 rotor. A prototype was converted from AH-1T
161022.
AH-1Z
Viper
A new variant
nicknamed "Zulu Cobra", and developed in conjunction with
the UH-1Y Venom for the H-1 upgrade program. The variant includes an
upgraded 4-blade main rotor and adds the Night Targeting System
(NTS).
Model
309 King Cobra
Experimental
all-weather version based on the AH-1G single-engine and AH-1J
twin-engine designs. Two Bell 309s were produced; the first was
powered by a PW&C T400-CP-400 Twin-Pac engine set and the second
was powered by a Lycoming T-55-L-7C engine.
CobraVenom
Proposed version
for the United Kingdom.
AH-1RO
Dracula
Proposed version
for Romania.
AH-1Z
King Cobra
AH-1Z offered for
Turkey's ATAK program; selected for production in 2000, but later
canceled when Bell and Turkey could not reach an agreement on
production.
Panha
2091
Unlicensed
Iranian upgrade of the AH-1J International.
IAIO
Toufan
(Iran Aviation
Industries Organization), Iranian copy / re-manufactured AH-1, with
locally sourced avionics, and weapons.
Bell AH-1Z Viper／毒蛇
Boeing
AH-64 Apache／阿帕契
衍生型
AH-64A
The
AH-64A is the original production attack helicopter. The crew sit in
tandem in an armored compartment. It is powered by two GE T700
turboshaft engines. The A-model was equipped with the −701 engine
version until 1990 when the engines were switched to the more
powerful −701C version. The Japanese Apache variant is based on the
AH-64A. Japan's AH-64DJP can also be equipped with the AIM-92 Stinger
air-to-air missiles for defense.
AH-64B
In
1991 after Operation Desert Storm, the AH-64B was a proposed upgrade
to 254 AH-64As. The upgrade would have included new rotor blades, a
Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigation systems and new
radios. Congress approved $82M to begin the Apache B upgrade. The B
program was canceled in 1992. The radio, navigation, and GPS
modifications, were later installed on most A-model Apaches through
other upgrades.
AH-64C
Additional
funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade
AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. More funding changed the plan to
upgrade to AH-64C. The C upgrade would include all changes to be
included in the Longbow except for mast-mounted radar and newer −700C
engine versions. However, the C designation was dropped after 1993.
With AH-64As receiving the newer engine from 1990, the only
difference between the C model and the radar-equipped D model was the
radar, which could be moved from one aircraft to another; thus the
decision was made to simply designate both versions AH-64D.
AH-64D
The
AH-64D Apache Longbow, is equipped with an advanced sensor suite and
a glass cockpit. The main improvement over the A-variant is the dome
installed over the main rotor, housing the AN/APG-78 Longbow
millimeter-wave fire-control radar (FCR) target acquisition system
and the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI). The aircraft is powered
by a pair of uprated T700-GE-701C engines. The forward fuselage was
expanded to accommodate new systems to improve survivability,
navigation, and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities.
AH-64E
Formerly
known as AH-64D Block III, in October 2012 the type was redesignated
AH-64E and received the name Guardian. The new designation represents
the significantly increased capabilities of the upgrades featured.
AH-64E includes the following upgrades: improved digital
connectivity, the joint tactical radio system, more powerful
T700-GE-701D engines, an upgraded transmission with new split-torque
face gears to accommodate more power, capability to control Unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAVs), new composite rotor blades, full IFR
capability, and improved landing gear.
Sea
Apache
Naval
versions of the AH-64A for the United States Marine Corps and Navy
were examined from 1984 to 1987. Multiple concepts were studied with
altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.
Funding for the naval version was not provided, and the Marine Corps
has continued to use the AH-1.
Export
Apaches
Several
models have been derived from both AH-64A and AH-64D for export. The
British-built AgustaWestland Apache (assembled from kits purchased
from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D Block I with several different
systems, including more powerful engines, folding rotor blades, and
other modifications for operation from Royal Navy vessels.
AgustaWestland
Apache AH Mk1(Boeing授權AgustaWestland製造的AH-64D)
歐洲
AgustaWestland
AW129
衍生型
Production
models
A129
Mangusta: Original production version, powered by two Rolls-Royce Gem
2 turboshaft engines.
A129
CBT(ComBaT): Upgraded version for the Italian army that incorporates
the same advances as the A129 International version, but retains the
original Gem turboshaft engines (although an uprated transmission
system is fitted).
A129
International: Upgraded version with five-bladed rotor, M197 Gatling
gun in a customized nose turret, support for Hellfire and Stinger
missiles, advanced avionics equipment and two LHTEC T800 turboshafts.
T-129:
(AgustaWestland AW129) Turkish attack helicopter based on the
A129CBT, featuring Turkish avionics and guided missiles.
Proposed
models
A129
LBH: A multipurpose assault helicopter version with a new cabin
structure completely with space for carrying eight troops in addition
to the two crew. The abbreviation LBH stands for Light Battlefield
Helicopter. This version was designated A139 by Agusta.
A129
Multi-Role Proposed version, not built.
A129
Scout: Proposed reconnaissance version, not built.
A129
Shipboard: Proposed naval version, not built.
Tonal:
Proposed derivative for Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and United
Kingdom, with more powerful engines, a new rotor system, retractable
landing gear, improved sensors, and more powerful armament. Cancelled
in 1990.
土耳其
TAI/AgustaWestland
T-129(依據A129開發而來)
衍生型
T129A
EDH (Erken Duhul Helikopteri)
T129A
is the "combat support" version equipped with a 20 mm
gatling gun and rounds and can carry 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets; nine
T129As have been ordered. Six helicopters have been produced and
delivered to the Turkish Army. The T129As are to be upgraded to the
T129B standard later.
T129B
T129B
is the "multi-role" version equipped with the leading edge
electronic warfare systems. 51 helicopters are to be produced, with
one to be used as a weapons testbed. The T129B is armed with a 20 mm
gatling gun and can carry a payload of 8 UMTAS, 12 Roketsan CIRIT,
and 2 AIM-92 Stinger missiles.
Eurocopter
Tiger／虎式攻擊直升機
衍生型
UH
Tiger
The
UHT (from Unterstützungshubschrauber Tiger German for Support
Helicopter Tiger) is a medium-weight multi-role fire support
helicopter built for the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces).
Tiger
HAP
The
Tiger HAP/HCP (Hélicoptère d'Appui Protection, French for "Support
and Escort Helicopter" / Hélicoptère de Combat Polyvalent
French for "Multipurpose Combat Helicopter") is a
medium-weight air-to-air combat and fire support helicopter built for
the French Army.
Tiger
HAD
The
Tiger HAD (Hélicoptère d'Appui Destruction, in French or
Helicoptero de Apoyo y Destrucción in Spanish for "Support and
Destruction Helicopter") version is essentially identical to the
HAP version, but with 14% more engine power available due to the
upgraded Enhanced MTR390 engines (1,000 kW / 1,341 shp) and a
better ballistic protection, as a result of the specific requests
made by the Spanish Army. It will be equipped with the Hellfire II,
and the Spike ER anti-armour missiles.
Tiger
ARH
The
Tiger ARH (Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter) is the version ordered by
the Australian Army to replace its OH-58 Kiowas and UH-1
Iroquois-based 'Bushranger' gunships. The Tiger ARH is a modified and
upgraded version of the Tiger HAP with upgraded MTR390 engines as
well as a laser designator incorporated in the Strix sight for the
firing of Hellfire II air-to-ground missiles. Instead of SNEB
unguided rockets, the ARH will use 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets
from Belgian developer, Forges de Zeebruges (FZ).
俄羅斯
Mil
Mi-24 Hind／雌鹿
衍生型
V-24:
The first version, twelve prototypes and development aircraft. The
first V-24 mockup resembled the Bell UH-1A Huey. Later models
resembled the future Hind-A, one of which was modified in 1975 as
A-10 for speed record attempts with wings removed and faired over and
with inertia-type dampers on the main rotor head. The A-10 reached a
speed of 368 km/h.
Mi-24
(Hind-A): Other early versions were the armed assault helicopter,
which could carry eight combat troops and three crew members. It
could also carry four 57mm rocket pods on four underwing pylons, four
MCLOS 9M17 Phalanga (AT-2 Swatter) anti-tank missiles on two
underwing rails, free-fall bombs, plus one 12.7mm machine-gun in the
nose. The Mi-24 was the first production model.
Mi-24B
(Hind-A): Experimental series of Hind-A, one of which was used to
test the Fenestron tail rotor.
Mi-24F
(Hind-A): Modified Hind-A with seven reinforcing ribs on the port
fuselage aft of the wing and the SRO-2M Khrom ("Odd Rods")
IFF antenna relocated from the canopy to the oil cooler. The APU
exhaust was also extended and angled downwards. The designation may
be unofficial.
Mi-24A
(Hind-B): The Mi-24A was the second production model. Both the Mi-24
and Mi-24A entered Soviet Air Force service in 1972. Lacks the
four-barrel Yak-B 12.7mm machine gun under the nose.
Mi-24U
(Hind-C): Training version without nose gun and wingtip stations.
Mi-24BMT:
Small number of Mi-24s converted into minesweepers.
Mi-24D
(Hind-D): The Mi-24D was a purer gunship than the earlier variants.
It entered production in 1973. The Mi-24D has a redesigned forward
fuselage, with two separate cockpits for the pilot and gunner. It is
armed with a single 12.7mm four-barrel Yak-B machine-gun under the
nose. It can carry four 57mm rocket pods, four SACLOS 9M17 Phalanga
anti-tank missiles (a significant enhancement compared to the MCLOS
system found on the Mi-24A), plus bombs and other weapons. One Mi-24D
was sold to Poland in January 1996 and was used by the WTD 61 in
Manching during 1994 for tests with the head of a Hawk missile in
place of the chin-mounted gun. This version also had an unidentified
modification in the rear cabin window on the starboard side.
Mi-24PTRK:
This version was the Mi-24D modification that was used for testing
the Shturm V missile system for the Mi-24V.
Mi-24DU:
Small numbers of Mi-24Ds were built as training helicopters with
doubled controls.
Mi-24V
(Hind-E): Later development led to the Mi-24V which entered
production in 1976 and was first seen by the west in the early 1980s.
It was armed with the more advanced 9M114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral). Eight
of those missile are mounted on four outer wing pylons. It was the
most widely produced version with more than 1,500 made. In Polish
service this aircraft is designated Mi-24W. One Mi-24V was referred
to as Mi-24T for unknown reasons.
Arsenal
Mi-24V upgrade: Ukrainian upgrade for Mi-24V
Mi-24P
(Hind-F): The gunship version, which replaced the 12.7mm machine-gun
with a fixed side-mounted 30mm GSh-30K twin-barrel cannon.
Mi-24TECh-24
"Mobile Repair Shop": Experimental Hind-F to test abilities
for recovery of downed aircraft.
Mi-24VP
(Hind-E Mod): Development of Mi-24V made in 1985 which replaced the
machine-gun with twin 23mm cannons in a movable turret. Entered
service in 1989, but only 25 were made before production ended the
same year. One Mi-24VP flew with the Delta-H tail rotor of the Mi-28.
Mi-24VU
(Hind-E): Indian training version of Mi-24V "Hind-E".
Mi-24VD:
This version was produced in 1985 to test a rear defensive gun.
Mi-24RKhR
(Hind-G1): NBC reconnaissance model, which is designed to collect
radiation, biological and chemical samples. It was first seen during
the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Also known as the Mi-24R,
Mi-24RK and Mi-24RKh (Rch).
Mi-24RA
(Hind-G1 Mod): New version of the Mi-24V.
Mi-24RR:
Radiation reconnaissance model derived from the Mi-24R.
Mi-24K
(Hind-G2): Army reconnaissance, artillery observation helicopter.
Mi-24M:
Proposed naval version, unbuilt.
Mi-24VM:
upgraded Mi-24V with updated avionics to improve night-time
operation, new communications gear, shorter and lighter wings, and
updated weapon systems to include support for the Ataka, Shturm and
Igla-V missiles and a 23mm main gun. Other internal changes have been
made to increase the aircraft life-cycle and ease maintenance. The
Mi-24VM is expected to operate until 2015
Mi-24VN
(Hind-E): (Mi-35O "Hind-E") A night-attack version based on
an Mi-24V in Mi-24VM Stage 1 configuration.
Mi-24PM:
Upgraded Mi-24P using same technologies as in Mi-24VM.
Mi-24PN:
The Russian military has selected this upgraded Mi-24 to be their
primary attack helicopter. The PN version has a TV and a FLIR camera
located in a dome on the front of the aircraft. Other modifications
include using the rotor blades and wings from the Mi-28 and fixed
rather than retractable landing gear. The Russians received 14
Mi-24PNs in 2004 and plan on eventually upgrading all of their
Mi-24s.
Mi-24PS:
Civil police or paramilitary version, equipped with a FLIR,
searchlight, loudspeaker PA system and attachments for rappelling
ropes.
Mi-24V
Ecological Survey Version: Environmental research version.
Mi-25:
The export version of the Mi-24D.
Mi-35:
The export version of the Mi-24V.
Mi-35M:
Export night attack version, is fitted with upgraded advanced
avionics and sensor package, including night vision systems, GOES-342
electro-optical range finder/targeting system, GLONASS/GPS navigation
system, electronic multifunction displays, onboard computer, and
jam-proof communications equipment. Also known as Mi-35M1.
Mi-35M2:
Updated version of the Mi-35M for the Venezuelan Army.
Mi-35M3:
Export Mi-24VM.
Mi-35M4
(AH-2 Sabre): Updated version of the Mi-35M with Israeli avionics for
the Brazilian Airforce.
Mi-35O:
Export version of the Mi-24VN using a Mexican FLIR camera and a glass
cockpit with upgraded avionics. Operated by Mexico only.
Mi-35P:
The export version of the Mi-24P.
Mi-35U:
Unarmed training version of the Mi-35.
Mi-24
SuperHind Mk.II: Modern western avionics upgrade produced by South
African company Advanced Technologies and Engineering (ATE).
Prototypes converted from Mi-24R models, and one Mi-24P was used to
test sighting system.
Mi-24
SuperHind Mk.III: Extensive operational upgrade of the original Mi-24
including weapons, avionics and counter measures.
Mi-24
SuperHind Mk.IV: Upgraded Mk. III version with Pall vortex engine air
particle separator system over the engine intakes.
Mi-24
SuperHind Mk.V: Newest version of the "SuperHind" with
fully redesigned front fuselage and cockpit.
Mi-24
Afghanistan field modifications: Passenger compartment armour and
exhaust suppressors were often removed. Due to accidental firing
while switching sides, the door gunner was given both a port and
starboard gun. Extra rounds for the rocket pods to allow
self-reloading near the battlefield and also heavy weapons for
self-defense were often carried.
Tamam
Mi-24 HMOSP: Israeli upgrade.
Early
Mi-28 mockups: First, an early production Mi-24 (probably Hind-A with
wings removed) was fitted with an air data boom as an early test for
the Mi-28's technologies. Later, a few Mi-24Ds were fitted up with
the Mi-28's radome mount for testing the sighting-flight-navigational
complex's abilities, and others had redesigned fuselages that closely
resemble the future Mi-28, but with rounded cockpits.
Mil
Mi-28 Havoc／浩劫
衍生型
Mi-28
– Prototype version; first flight in 1982.
Mi-28A
– Original production anti-tank helicopter. Development done in
1998, first flight in 2003.
Mi-28N/MMW
Havoc – All weather day-and-night combat helicopter. It is equipped
with a top-mounted millimeter wave radar station, IR-TV, and laser
ranger. Serial Mi-28N will have two Russian Klimov TV3-117V MA-SB3
engines (2,500 hp each), made in production by the Ukrainian
Motor-Sich. Max take off weight of 11,500 kg, max payload weight
of 2,350 kg.
Mi-28D
– simplified daylight operation version. Similar to Mi-28N, but
without top-mounted radar and TV-channel in sight.
Mi-28NAe
– export version offered to North Korea.
Mi-40
– Proposed armed transport version. Never reached prototype stage.
Mi-28UB
- Uchebno-Boevoy (Training and Combat) version, designed for training
for Mi-28N. Has dual hydromechanical flight controls that can be
operated from tandem cockpits, a more spacious lower cockpit to house
a flight instructor, a wider pilot canopy, and new energy-absorbing
crew seats. Serves as a trainer but can perform attack helicopter
tasks.
Kamov Ka-50 Black Shark／黑鯊&Ka-52 Alligator／短吻鱷
衍生型
Kamov
V-80: Prototype version for Ka-50.
Kamov
Ka-50: Single-seat version.
Kamov
Ka-50N: Ka-50 with improved Night attack capability.
Kamov
Ka-50Sh: Ka-50 with improved Night attack capability.
Kamov
Ka-50-2 "Erdogan" version with a two-seat tandem cockpit.
Kamov
Ka-52 "Alligator" (Аллигатор, NATO reporting name:
Hokum B) version with a two-seat side-by-side cockpit.
南非
Denel
AH-2 Rooivalk／荼隼
印度
HAL
Light Combat Helicopter
HAL
Rudra
衍生型
Mark
III: This version has Electronic Warfare, countermeasures, sensors
and targeting systems installed, but does not feature weapons.
Mark
IV: This version is to have a French Nexter 20 mm turret gun, Belgian
70 mm rockets, and MBDA air to air and air to ground missiles, such
as the anti-tank Helina missile. All these systems have been tested
individually.
中國
CAIC
WZ-10／武直-10霹靂火
Harbin
Z-19／直-19 黑旋風
科技展示機
美國
RAH-66 Comanche(已取消開發)
美國
RAH-66 Comanche(已取消開發)
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