世界戰略轟炸機(World Strategic Bombers)-2013

戰略轟炸機是用來對敵方主要軍事設施、工廠與城市進行大規模破壞所設計的長程重型飛機，跟戰術轟炸機或對地攻擊機最大不同處在於此兩者的主要任務則是轟炸或攻擊敵方前線戰鬥部隊或軍事裝備。戰略轟炸雖能對敵方戰力造成重大破壞但卻也會造成大量無辜平民的喪生。二戰中惡名昭彰的德勒斯登大轟炸與東京大轟炸皆造成數十萬平民的傷亡，而後來執行對日本廣島與長崎投射原子彈任務的也是戰略轟炸機。在冷戰時期，美國則以戰略核子轟炸機作為戰略核三角的一環，用來赫阻前蘇聯對美國發動核子攻擊的其中一個屏障，也是冷戰「相互保證毀滅」思想的重要工具。在冷戰時期，美蘇英法等國皆造了一定數量的戰略轟炸機，多數用來搭載核子武器。在冷戰結束後，由於各軍事強國持續裁減軍事預算與核子武器，至今日僅剩美俄兩國仍保有戰略轟炸機，二戰後美國也曾利用戰略轟炸機搭載傳統武器對越南與伊拉克等國從事戰略轟炸。

美國
B-52 Stratofortress (70,000 lb)x76(B-52H) 20架封存

B-52戰略轟炸機由美國波音公司生產，1952年完成首次飛行，1955年2月正式加入美國空軍，先後發展出的主要衍生型有B-52A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H等8種型別，1962年停止生產，總共生產744架。最新型的B-52H在換裝新引擎後，航程及自我防衛力都大幅提升，2006年通過驗證可使用合成燃油，有效減低燃料成本，創下全球軍機的先例。1963年，美空軍已擁有650架B-52轟炸機，編成42個中隊駐防在38個空軍基地，機上裝備包括空射巡弋飛彈(美國唯一能配備巡弋飛彈的戰略轟炸機)、雷射／紅外線導引飛彈、空對地火箭、電子干擾系統等，可擊毀世界上任何高威脅、高防衛的目標。

自上世紀五零年代第一代B-52開始服役至今已經超過六十年，已經成為史上服役最久的軍用機，而經過延壽改良的最新型B-52H可能仍將繼續服役至2045~2050年。 
衍生型
XB-52
Two prototype aircraft with limited operational equipment, used for aerodynamic and handling tests.
YB-52
One XB-52 modified with some operational equipment and re-designated.
B-52A
Only three of the first production version, the B-52A, were built, all loaned to Boeing for flight testing.
NB-52A
The last B-52A (serial 52-0003) was modified and redesignated NB-52A in 1959 to carry the North American X-15.
B-52B/RB-52B
The B-52B was the first version to enter service with the USAF on 29 June 1955 with the 93rd Bombardment Wing at Castle AFB in California.Of the 50 B-52Bs built, 27 were capable of carrying a reconnaissance pod as RB-52Bs (the crew was increased to eight in these aircraft).
NB-52B
The NB-52B was B-52B number 52-0008 converted to an X-15 launch platform.
B-52C
The B-52C's fuel capacity (and range) was increased to 41,700 US gallons by adding larger 3000 US gallon underwing fuel tanks.
B-52D
The B-52D was a dedicated long-range bomber without a reconnaissance option. The Big Belly modifications allowed the B-52D to carry heavy loads of conventional bombs for carpet bombing over Vietnam, while the Rivet Rambler modification added the Phase V ECM systems, which was better than the systems used on most later B-52s.
B-52E
The B-52E received an updated avionics and bombing navigational system, which was eventually debugged and included on following models.One E aircraft (AF Serial No. 56-0631) was modified as a testbed for various B-52 systems. Redesignated NB-52E, the aircraft was fitted with canards and a Load Alleviation and Mode Stabilization system (LAMS) which reduced airframe fatigue from wind gusts during low level flight.
B-52F
This aircraft was given J57-P-43W engines with a larger capacity water injection system to provide greater thrust than previous models.
B-52G
The B-52G was proposed to extend the B-52's service life during delays in the B-58 Hustler program. At first, a radical redesign was envisioned with a completely new wing and Pratt & Whitney J75 engines. This was rejected to avoid slowdowns in production, although a large number of changes were implemented.The most significant of these was the brand-new "wet" wing with integral fuel tanks which considerably increased the fuel capacity; gross aircraft weight went up by 38,000 pounds (17,235 kg) compared with prior variants.
B-52H
The B-52H had the same crew and structural changes as the B-52G. The most significant upgrade was the switch to TF33-P-3 turbofan engines.
The ECM and avionics were updated, a new fire control system was fitted, and the rear defensive armament was changed from machine guns to a 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon (later removed in 1991–94). A provision was made for four GAM-87 Skybolt ballistic missiles.
XR-16A
Allocated to the reconnaissance variant of the B-52B but not used and the aircraft were designated RB-52B instead.

B-1 Lancer (75,000 lb)x66(B-1B) 

1970年代初，B1-B戰略轟炸機正式展開研製作業。前美國總統雷根於1981年10月宣布將採購100架B1-B，第一架量產機於1984年10月首飛，最後一架於1988年4月遞交完成。自1986年開始服役後，B1-B最多曾有92架戰機服役。

1.可變後掠翼設計：B1-B採取可變後掠翼設計，不但可提供長航程、低高度的快速飛行，也是美國第一種與唯一的超音速戰略轟炸機，可提高轟炸機的戰場存活力。當其機翼完全前向展開時，並可以提供短場起飛能力，以便在機場遭敵方攻擊時仍可以起飛執行任務。
2.低雷達截面積科技：在結構設計方面，B1-B採取低雷達截面積的科技，其雷達截面機僅約B-52轟炸機的1％，引擎進氣道則採彎曲設計，利用曲線遮蔽發動機壓縮葉片表面對雷達波的反射。另該型轟炸機之威脅顯示器雷達天線，也向下傾斜，以折射敵方之雷達波。包括武器艙門、主翼前後緣及尾翼表面等部位，都採用複合材料，或可吸收雷達波的特殊表面材質。
衍生型
B-1A
The B-1A was the original B-1 design with variable engine intakes and Mach 2.2 top speed. Four prototypes were built; no production units were manufactured.
B-1B
The B-1B is a revised B-1 design with reduced radar signature and a top speed of Mach 1.25. It was otherwise optimized for low-level penetration. A total of 100 B-1Bs were produced.
B-1R
The B-1R is a proposed upgrade of existing B-1B aircraft. The B-1R (R for "regional") would be fitted with advanced radars, air-to-air missiles, and new Pratt & Whitney F119 engines. This variant would have a top speed of Mach 2.2, but with 20% less range.

B-2 Spirit (40,000 lb)x20(B-2A)

第一架B-2轟炸機於1988年11月在美國加州公開展示，1989年7月B-2轟炸機首次試飛，真正進駐美國空軍基地則是在1993年12月。至此，美國戰略空軍進入匿蹤世代，可以輕易躲避敵人的防空雷達偵測。

B-2轟炸機融合了各式低雷達偵測科技與高效能的氣動力設計，更可以攜帶大量酬載，為首架採用全翼機設計的轟炸機且具極高匿蹤能力，但造價成本也相當高昂。在B-2首飛之前，美國空軍即已投入高達250億美元的研發經費，原本計畫以700億美元購買130架B-2轟炸機，但單機造價實在過於昂貴高達22億美元，比神盾驅逐艦的造價更高，因此美國空軍最終僅採購的21架。目前共有Block-10/20/30三型。
 
俄羅斯
Tupolev Tu-95 (33,000 lb)

俄羅斯TU-95熊式轟炸機，是蘇聯圖波列夫設計局所研製，是目前全世界唯一仍服役中的大型四渦輪螺旋槳發動機之長程戰略轟炸機、空射飛彈發射平台、海上偵察機以及軍用客機。Tu-95在冷戰期間大量服役於蘇聯空軍和蘇聯海軍航空隊，蘇聯海軍航空隊使用的機型稱為Tu-142。

蘇聯解體後，烏克蘭曾接收約70架原屬蘇聯空軍的Tu-95系列機，但現已全部退役。而俄羅斯空軍也接收不少的Tu-95系列機，目前仍有幾十架Tu-95MS服役預計將持續服役至2040年。
衍生型
Tu-95/1: The first prototype powered by Kuznetsov 2TV-2F coupled turboprop engines.
Tu-95/2: The second prototype powered by Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops.
Tu-95/Tu-95M: Basic variant of the long-range strategic bomber and the only model of the aircraft never fitted with a nose refuelling probe. Known to NATO as the Bear-A.
Tu-95K: Experimental version for air-dropping a MiG-19 SM-20 jet aircraft.
Tu-95K22: Conversions of the older Bear bombers, reconfigured to carry the Raduga Kh-22 missile and incorporating modern avionics. Known to NATO as the Bear-G.
Tu-95K/Tu-95KD: Designed to carry the Raduga Kh-20 air-to-surface missile. The Tu-95KD aircraft were the first to be outfitted with nose probes. Known to NATO as the Bear-B.
Tu-95KM:Modified and upgraded versions of the Tu-95K, most notable for their enhanced reconnaissance systems. These were in turn converted into the Bear G configuration. Known to NATO as the Bear-C.
Tu-95M-55: Missile carrier.
Tu-95MR: Bear A modified for photo-reconnaissance and produced for Naval Aviation. Known to NATO as the Bear-E.
Tu-95MS/Tu-95MS6/Tu-95MS16:– Completely new cruise missile carrier platform based on the Tu-142 airframe. This variant became the launch platform of the Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile. Known to NATO as the Bear-H and was referred to by the U.S. military as a Tu-142 for some time in the 1980s before its true designation became known.
Tu-95N: Experimental version for air-dropping an RS ramjet powered aircraft.
Tu-95RTs: Razvedchik Tseleukazatel: Variant of the basic Bear A configuration, redesigned for maritime reconnaissance and targeting as well as electronic intelligence for service in the Soviet Naval Aviation. Known to NATO as the Bear-D.
Tu-95U Uchebnyy: Trainer: Training variant, modified from surviving Bear As but now all have been retired. Known to NATO as the Bear-T.
Tu-95V Special carrier aircraft to test-drop the largest thermonuclear weapon ever designed, the Tsar Bomba.
Tu-96: long-range intercontinental high-altitude strategic bomber prototype, a high-altitude version of the Tupolev Tu-95 aircraft with high-altitude augmented turboprop TV-16 engines and with a new,enlarged area wing. Plant tests of the aircraft were performed with non-high altitude TV-12 engines in 1955–1956.
Tu-114: Airliner derivative of Tu-95.
Tu-116: Tu-95 fitted with passenger cabins as a stop-gap while the Tu-114 was being developed. Only two converted.
Tu-95LAL: Experimental nuclear-powered aircraft project.
Tu-126: AEW&C derivative of Tu-114, itself derived from the Tu-95.
Tu-142: Maritime reconnaissance/anti-submarine warfare derivative of Tu-95. Known to NATO as the Bear-F.

Tupolev Tu-22M (46,300 lb) x120(Tu-22M3)

蘇聯第一架超音速戰略轟炸機Tu-22（北約代號「眼罩」；蘇聯飛行員自稱為「錐子」）服役之後，發生許多操作上的嚴重問題，導致蘇聯飛行員給予的一般評價不高，維護成本也相當高。1959年蘇聯空軍科學研究所提出下一代戰略轟炸機的需求方案，其中包括作戰半徑2000公里，可以攜帶兩枚重達1500公斤的Kh-45核子彈頭飛彈，高空最大速率可達3馬赫，巡航速率是2.8馬赫。

1965年圖波列夫藉由新掌權的布里茲涅夫的許可下，提出一款取代Tu-22的新設計方案，這個設計案也獲得蘇聯空軍指揮官的大力支持。設計案的需求為航程至少5000公里，高空速率最少2馬赫，低空穿透速率至少1馬赫，載彈量20公噸，並且能夠在剛剛整備完成的前進機場操作。由於蘇霍伊的T-4在設計上，特別是製造成本部份持續上升，暴露出整個企劃案的風險，圖波列夫在此時的提案採用現有的Kh-22（北約代號AS-4「廚房」）反艦飛彈以及K-22作戰系統以降低成本，這使得圖波列夫的設計獲得較多的支持。1967年11月，T-4計畫正式終止，改由圖波列夫設計局的方案上陣。
雖然Tu-22M宣稱是Tu-22的改良型，實際上卻是一架全新的設計。第一款出廠的是Tu-22M0，於1969年8月30日首次試飛，試飛時被北約發現，接下來好幾年卻被北約誤認為「Tu-26」轟炸機，蘇聯甚至在第一回戰略武器限制談判中堅持它是Tu-22「M」（意思是「眼罩」「M」型轟炸機）。被稱為Tu-22M也是圖波列夫為了保護整個設計企劃案而苦心積慮說服蘇聯政府的說法，「這其實是Tu-22的第二代改良，不是全新的機型」！圖波列夫傾向誤導全世界，也包括自己人以免研發的心血與企劃經費遭到刪除（事實上Tu-22M「逆火」只有前起落架與彈艙門與Tu-22「眼罩」相同）。
衍生型
Tu-22M0
Tu-22M0先行生產一共9架，1971年到1972年間又生產9架Tu-22M1，蘇聯方面宣稱這些飛機是要改海軍航空隊使用，北約稱為「逆火」A型轟炸機。
Tu-22M2
1972年第一個進入量產的版本是Tu-22M2型（北約代號「逆火」B型），M2型的主翼略加長，並且依照面積法則對機身進行大量修改，並且將乘員增加到4個，採用兩具NK-22發動機並沿用F-4幽靈II戰鬥機方正呆版的進氣口設計，同時將起落架遷移到翼套的位置，不再使用收納莢艙的方式。武裝上大量地採用長程巡弋飛彈／反艦飛彈，通常是攜帶1~2枚AS-4「廚房」反艦飛彈；後期型的M2型轟炸機改採用更有力的NK-23發動機並且該型號為Tu-22M2Ye型轟炸機。
Tu-22M3
最後生產的Tu-22M3型(北約代號「逆火」C型)於1976年試飛，並於1983年服役。M3型採用新式NK-25發動機，整體上來說推力又大了不少；不過進氣口修改成楔形有如米格-25戰鬥機一般；主翼內收的角度也增加了不少；重新設計的機鼻可以容納一具新型列尼涅茲(Leninets)PN-AD雷達以及NK-45導航／攻擊系統，這對於M3型來說，在低空飛行能力上有如虎添翼的效果（但是還不到有如B-1槍騎兵轟炸機低低空飛行的能力）。

Tupolev Tu-160 (88,200 lb)x16(Tu-160M)

由於前蘇聯的Tu-22M逆火式轟炸機的作戰半徑並不能到達大多數的美國領土，而Tu-95轟炸機的高空慢速進襲的方式，在面對北大西洋公約組織及美國的防空系統及戰機時，幾乎無法生存。且由於美國空軍從1970年提出關於B-1A轟炸機的需求計畫，因此蘇聯空軍在1972年針對這一項需求提出類似的相關計畫，包括一樣必須是超音速飛行，可變後掠翼，以及航速能夠達到2.3馬赫的機種，以用於對抗美國空軍的戰略優勢。

Tu-160（Ty-160），北約代號：Blackjack（黑傑克），是蘇聯圖波列夫設計局研製的可變後掠翼超音速遠程戰略轟炸機，原來用於替換Tu-22M逆火戰略轟炸機和Tu-95轟炸機執行戰略轟炸任務。它非常類似於美國空軍B-1槍騎兵轟炸機，它是蘇聯解體前最後一個戰略轟炸機計畫，同時是有史以來製造的最重的轟炸機，目前仍在生產，目前大約有16架正在俄羅斯空軍服役。具長程高速低空滲透能力的戰略轟炸機Tu-160，用來彌補俄羅斯在戰略轟炸能力的失衡。
在1982年12月，北大西洋公約組織的人造衛星首度發現試飛中的Tu-160轟炸機，在經過數年的測試後再1987年中進入前蘇聯空軍服役，由於東西方冷戰結束，Tu-160後來改為發射空射式衛星為任務。
Tu-160被它的駕駛員暱稱為「白天鵝」，這不僅僅是因為它驚人的操控性能，也是它表面採用無光澤（antiflash）白色空優迷彩塗料的原因。 
衍生型
Tu-160: Production version.
Tu-160S: designation used for serial Tu-160s when needed to separate them from all the pre-production and experimental aircraft.
Tu-160V: proposed liquid hydrogen fueled version (see also Tu-155).
Tu-160 NK-74: proposed upgraded (extended range) version with NK-74 engines.
Tu-160M: upgraded version that features new weaponry, improved electronics and avionics, which double its combat effectiveness. Will carry the hypersonic Kh-90 (3M25 Meteorit-A) missiles.
Tu-160P (Tu-161): proposed very long-range escort fighter/interceptor version.
Tu-160PP: proposed electronic warfare version carrying stand-off jamming and ECM gear (Russian: ПП – постановщик помех).
Tu-160R: proposed strategic reconnaissance version.
Tu-160SK: proposed commercial version, designed to launch satellites within the "Burlak" (Russian: Бурлак, "hauler") system.
 

計畫研發中

美國
Next-Generation Bomber program (formerly called the 2018 Bomber)

NGB(B-3)是一種匿蹤、次音速、中程與中承載的戰略轟炸機原本預計於2018年服役並用來取代部分日益老舊的美國戰略轟炸機隊。.

2037 Bomber

美國空軍計畫於2037年服役用來取代B-52的匿蹤、超音速、長程、高承載並可能是無人駕駛的戰略轟炸機。

俄羅斯

PAK DA

預計於2020發展出原型機並於2025~2030間服役的俄羅斯新一代匿蹤戰略轟炸機。