1904年6月26日,俄羅斯帝國秘密地購買了它的第一艘戰鬥用潛艇,名為Madame,是美國裔德國人Isaac Rice(1850-1915)的設計,他是通用動力電動船公司(Compagnie Générale Dynamic Electric Boat)的創始人(1899)。這艘潛艇最初是在英國人Arthur Leopold Busch的指導下建造的,作為美國的魚雷艇Fulton。它是一個被稱為Adler級的原型。1904年10月14日,Som正式投入服務,駐紮在海參崴東海岸。俄羅斯將其改名為Som(Silure)。這艘第一艘俄羅斯潛艇未能在日俄戰爭期間投入實戰,原因是1905年初在德意志帝國訂購的魚雷運送延遲。
蘇聯潛水艇的主要三大設計局(紅寶石設計局、孔雀石設計局、天青石設計局)中,紅寶石設計局是最主要的設計者。(不同於歐美日以民營企業為主要的國防供應商,蘇聯或後來的俄羅斯聯邦等共產相關國家,多數軍工產業多是國營)在冷戰期間,蘇聯有四個造船廠製造了核子動力潛艇。第一個是Sevmash(前身是402號造船廠),位於塞維爾諾夫斯克,自1955年以來一直在生產。 第二個是Amursky(前身是199號造船廠),位於阿穆爾河畔庫姆斯克,並在符拉迪沃斯托克附近的Bolshaya Kamen有一個分部。 它們還在下諾夫哥羅德的Krasnoye Soromovo(前身是112號造船廠)和自19602年以來在列寧格勒的海軍造船廠(前身是194號和196號造船廠)建造。 核動力潛艇的建造速度(第一代和第二代為12至18個月)是以品質為代價的。從1967年到1990年,蘇聯人計算了340次一級迴路的洩漏,並「失去」了7艘核動力潛艇。第一代的SSBN因此被稱為「寡婦製造者」。1992年,蘇聯政府證實了和平時期至少失去了20艘各種類型的潛艇。直到1970年代,蘇聯潛艇比西方同級艦更為吵雜,甚至被戲稱一出港就能發現它們的蹤跡,性能也不太可靠,1980年代生產的最後幾個級別因為東芝公司的精密車床部分地修正了這些缺陷。
蘇聯時期,潛艇名稱通常為「xxx計劃」直接演變成為的「xxx型」(「xxx」表示數字),有些時候潛艇除了這些蘇俄代號以外沒有另附其他名稱。從冷戰開始之後,北約開始為情報中的蘇聯潛艇進行命名工作。這些北約代號開始由26個字母無線電通訊碼代稱,後來有一定擴展。不過由於是根據情報來命名,有些北約代號命名並不一定完全準確,但相比於蘇聯繁雜無規則的代號系統來說,北約代號更容易記憶和接受。蘇聯解體之後俄羅斯設計的潛艇雖然還有北約代號,不過俄官方也開始對新設計的潛艇進行命名。
為了安全保密著想,蘇聯的潛艇研製計劃的代號通常為不連續的,甚至是無規律的。大多數潛艇僅僅擁有舷號,通常來說,冷戰時期的蘇聯潛艇除了具有紀念意義的潛艇以外是不會授予艇名的。蘇聯潛艇通常會在潛艇舷號前加綴如下字母以進行區分:
К (K) — крейсерская (kreyserskaya, 「巡洋潛艇」或稱「水下巡洋艦」)
ТК (TK) — тяжелая крейсерская (tyazholaya kreyserskaya, 「重型巡洋潛艇」或稱「水下重型巡洋艦」,目前僅用於颱風級核潛艇)
Б (B) — большая (bolshaya, 「大型潛艇」)
С (S) — средняя (srednyaja, 「中型潛艇」)
М (M) — малая (malaya,「小型潛艇」)
還有一些潛艇的舷號的後面回加注「С」(специальная ,spetsialnaya )表示「用於特殊任務設計」。這些潛艇包括諸如科學試驗潛艇,特種部隊用潛艇等。
Diesel-electric
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Zulu class |
611 |
26 |
Large oceanic submarines |
Whiskey class |
613 |
215 |
Medium multi-purpose submarines |
Quebec class |
615 |
30 |
Small submarines with full-diesel propulsion |
Whale class |
617 |
1 |
Experimental submarines which had a Walter engine fuelled by high test peroxide (HTP) |
Romeo class |
633 |
20 |
Medium submarines |
Foxtrot class |
641 |
75 |
Large oceanic submarines |
Tango class |
641B Cом (Som, catfish) |
18 |
Large oceanic submarines |
Bravo class |
690 Кефаль (Kefal, mullet) |
4 |
Target submarine for torpedo exercises |
Kilo class |
877, 877E, 877EKM, 877V, 877LPMB, 877EK Палтус (Paltus, halibut) |
43 |
Large submarines |
Improved Kilo class |
636, 636М Варшавянка (Varshavyanka, after Warsaw Pact) |
30 |
Large submarines |
St. Petersburg |
677 Лада (Lada, goddess of love) |
1 |
Large submarines |
|
1650 Амур (the Amur River) |
0 |
Modification of Lada class for export |
Losos class (Salmon) |
865 Пиранья (Piran'ya piranha) |
2 |
Midget submarines |
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Whiskey Single Cylinder |
613 |
|
1 × SS-N-3 cruise missile |
Whiskey Twin Cylinder |
644 |
|
2 × SS-N-3 cruise missile |
Whiskey Long Bin |
665 |
|
4 × SS-N-3 cruise missile |
Juliett |
651 |
16 |
Four SS-N-3 Shaddock (P-5 or P-6), or SS-N-12 Sandbox (P-500 4K-80 Basalt |
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Zulu |
V611, 611AV |
6 |
|
Golf |
629, 609, 601, 605, 619 |
24 |
3 × Project 629 boats D-1 launch system with R-11FM missiles |
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
India |
940 Ленок (Lenok) |
2 |
2 × Poseidon class DSRV's |
Beluga |
1710 Макрель (Makrel, mackerel) |
1 |
It was an experimental vessel used for testing propulsion systems, hull forms, and boundary-layer control techniques. |
Lima |
1840 |
1 |
Large special. It was used for trying out new technologies, research, or special mission support |
Attack Submarines
1st Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
November |
627 Кит, 645 Кит-ЖМТ (Kit, whale) |
14 |
|
2nd Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Victor I |
671, 671B, 671K, 671R Ёрш (Yorsh, ruffe) |
16 |
|
Victor II |
671RT |
7 |
|
Victor III |
671RTM Щука (Shchuka, pike) |
26 |
|
3rd Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Alfa |
705, 705K Лира (Lira, lyre) |
7 |
|
|
945 Барракуда (Barrakuda, barracuda) |
2 |
|
|
945A Кондор (Kondor, condor) |
2 |
|
Mike |
685 Плавник (Plavnik, fin) |
1 |
Record submergence depth of 1,020 metres (3,350 feet) |
4th Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Akula |
Project 971 Щука-Б (Shchuka-B, Pike-B) |
15 |
|
Severodvinsk |
Project 885 Ясень (Yasen, ash) |
3 |
Planned |
Guided Missile Submarines
1st Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Echo I |
659 |
5 |
|
Echo II |
675 |
29 |
|
2nd Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Papa |
661 Анчар (Anchar, upas) |
1 |
Fastest speed ever recorded for a submerged vehicle at 44.7 knots |
Yankee Notch |
667AT Груша (Grusha, pear) |
4 |
|
|
667M Андромеда (Andromeda, the constellation) |
1 |
|
Charlie I |
670 Скат (Skat, ray) |
11 |
|
Charlie II |
670M Скат-М (Skat-M, ray) |
6 |
|
3rd Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Oscar 1 |
949 Гранит (Granit, granite) |
2 |
|
|
949A Антей (Antey, Antaeus) |
11 |
|
4th Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Severodvinsk |
885 Ясень (Yasen, ash) |
3 |
Planned 12. |
1st Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Hotel |
658, 701 |
8 |
|
2nd Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Yankee I |
667A Навага, 667AU Налим (Navaga; Nalim, burbot) |
34 |
|
Yankee II |
667AM Навага-М (Navaga-M) |
1 |
|
Delta I |
667B Мурена (Murena, eel) |
18 |
|
Delta II |
667BD Мурена-М (Murena-M, eel) |
4 |
|
Delta III |
667BDR Кальмар (Kal'mar, squid) |
14 |
|
Delta IV |
667BDRM Дельфин (Del'fin, dolphin) |
7 |
|
3rd Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Typhoon |
941 Акула; (Akula, shark) |
6 |
|
4th Generation |
|||
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Dolgorukiy |
955 Борей; (Borei, Boreas) |
3 |
|
Dolgorukiy |
955А Борей; (Borei, Boreas) |
3 |
|
NATO Reporting Name |
Project |
No. |
Note |
Uniform |
1910 Кашалот (Kashalot, cachalot) |
2 |
|
Yankee Pod |
09774 Аксон (Akson) |
1 |
|
Yankee Stretch |
9774 |
1 |
|
Yankee Big Nose |
09780 Аксон-2 (Akson-2) |
1 |
|
Sarov |
20120 Сарган (Sargan or Sarov) |
1 |
|
Reference
Multi-Lingual Wikipedia
軍武狂人夢
潛水艦事典
Bing Chat
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