世界第三代主戰戰車(World 3rd Generation Main Battle Tanks)-2013

主戰戰車(MBT)，也稱為普通戰車，在現代陸軍中扮演吃重的直接火力支援的工作。最初的構想是以取代輕型，中型，重型和超重型戰車。更重要發展是冷戰時期輕質複合裝甲的開發，主戰戰車還負責支援輕型戰車。

如今，主戰坦克被認為是現代陸軍的重要組成部分。現代主戰坦克很少單獨行動，因為它們通常被組織成裝甲部隊，主戰戰車伴隨步兵戰車並支援步兵作戰，但裝甲部隊往往也需要直升機、偵查機或對地攻擊機等空中部隊的支援。
目前世界主要服役的為第三代主戰戰車約於1970年代開始服役，跟上一代主戰戰車的不同主要在改進電腦火控系統以及具備熱影像儀以及更先進的複合式裝甲(composite armour)，有些主戰戰車則採用反應式裝甲(reactive armor)設計。


以下為世界第三代主戰戰車與開始服役年代列表：
美國
M1 Abrams／M1 艾布蘭式(1980)

 

衍生型

XM1-FSED: Preproduction test model. Eleven Full-Scale Engineering Development test bed vehicles were produced in 1977-78. These vehicles were also called Pilot Vehicles and were numbered PV-1 through PV-11.
M1: First production variant. Production began (at Chrysler) in 1979 and continued to 1985 (at General Dynamics) (3,273 built for the US). The first 110 tanks were Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) models, still called XM1s, because they were built prior to the tank being type-classified as the M1.
M1IP (Improved Performance): Produced briefly in 1984 before the M1A1, contained upgrades and reconfigurations like new turret with thicker frontal armor, new turret is referred as "long" turret instead of older "short" turret, armor upgraded from ~650mm line of sight thickness to ~880mm (894 build for US).
M1A1: Production started in 1985 and continued to 1992, pressurized NBC system, rear bustle rack for improved stowage of supplies and crew belongings, redesigned blow-off panels and M256 120 mm smoothbore cannon (4,976 built for the U.S. Army, 221 for USMC, 755 for Egypt, 59 M1A1 AIM SA sold to Australia).
M1A1HA (Heavy Armor): Added 1st generation depleted uranium armor components. Some tanks were later upgraded with 2nd generation depleted uranium armor components, and are unofficially designated M1A1HA+.
M1A1HC (Heavy Common): Added new 2nd generation depleted uranium armor components, digital engine control and other small upgrades common between Army and Marine Corps tanks.
M1A1D (Digital): A digital upgrade for the M1A1HC, to keep up with M1A2SEP, manufactured in quantity for only 2 battalions.
M1A1AIM v.1 (Abrams Integrated Management): A program whereby older units are reconditioned to zero hour conditions; and the tank is improved by adding Forward-Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) and Far Target Locate sensors, a tank-infantry phone, communications gear, including FBCB2 and Blue Force Tracking, to aid in crew situational awareness, and a thermal sight for the .50 caliber machine gun. General Dynamics has been awarded contracts by the U.S. Army to supply this variant.
M1A1AIM v.2/M1A1SA (Situational Awareness): Upgrades similar to AIM v.1 tanks + new 3rd generation depleted uranium armor components.
M1A1FEP (Firepower Enhancement Package): Similar upgrade to AIM v.2 for USMC tanks.
M1A1KVT (Krasnovian Variant Tank): M1A1s that have been visually modified to resemble Soviet-made tanks for use at the National Training Center, fitted with MILES gear and a Hoffman device.
M1A1M: An export variant ordered by the Iraqi Army.
M1A1SA "Special Armor": configuration for the Royal Moroccan Army.
M1A2 (Baseline): Production began in 1992 (77 built for the US and more than 600 M1s upgraded to M1A2, 315 for Saudi Arabia, 218 for Kuwait). The M1A2 offers the tank commander an independent thermal sight and ability to, in rapid sequence, shoot at two targets without the need to acquire each one sequentially, also 2nd generation depleted uranium armor components.
M1A2SEP (System Enhancement Package): Has upgraded 3rd generation depleted uranium armor components with graphite coating (240 new built, 300 M1A2s upgraded to M1A2SEP for the USA, also unknown numbers of upgraded basic M1s and M1IPs, also 400 oldest M1A1s upgraded to M1A2SEP). 

德國
Leopard 2／豹二式 (1979)

衍生型
Leopard 2
The baseline Leopard 2, sometimes informally called the "A0" to differentiate it from later versions.
Leopard 2A1
Minor modifications and the installation of the gunner's thermal sight were worked into the second batch and third batch.
The two most notable changes were the modification of the ammunition racks to be identical to those in the M1 Abrams, and redesigned fuel filters that reduced refuelling time.
Leopard 2A2
This designation was given to upgraded vehicles of the first batch of Leopard 2s, brought up to the standard of the second and third batches. This modernisation gradually replaced the original PZB 200 sights in the first batch with thermal sights for the EMES 15 as they became available. Furthermore the upgrade included the fitting of filler openings and caps to the forward hull fuel tanks to allow separate refuelling, as well as the addition of a deflector plate for the periscope and a large coverplate to protect the existing NBC protection system. Finally, the tank was given new five metre towing cables with a different position.
Leopard 2A3
The main change was the addition of the SEM80/90 digital radio sets (also being fitted to the Leopard 1 at the same time), and the ammunition reloading hatches being welded shut. Even with these minor changes the new batch was known as the 2A3.
Leopard 2A4
The most widespread version of the Leopard 2 family, the 2A4 models included more substantial changes, including an automated fire and explosion suppression system, an all-digital fire control system able to handle new ammunition types, and improved turret with flat titanium/tungsten armour.
Leopard 2A5
The A5 introduced a wedge-shaped, spaced add-on armour to the turret front and the frontal area of the sides. These armour modules defeat a hollow charge prior to reaching the base armour. The spaced armour is also designed to affect kinetic-energy penetrators by forcing them to change direction and eroding them in the process; it does not form a shot-trap since it doesn't deflect the penetrators outwards to hit the hull or turret ring. The gun mantlet was redesigned to accept the new armour. There were also some improvements in the main armour composition. The tank interior received spall liners to reduce fragments if the armour is penetrated. The frontal "heavy" third of the side skirts was replaced with a new, stronger type. The commander's sight was moved to a new position behind the hatch and it received an independent thermal channel. The gunner's sight was moved to the turret roof as opposed to the cavity in the front armour in previous models. A new heavier sliding driver's hatch was fitted. Turret controls went all-electric, increasing reliability and crew safety, and producing some weight savings. The gun braking system was improved to prepare for the later mounting of the new L55 gun tube and to enable firing of more powerful ammunition, such as the DM-53 APFSDS. The A5 entered service in the German tank battalions in mid-1998.
Leopard 2A6
Includes the addition of the Rheinmetall 120 mm L55 smoothbore gun and other changes. The Leopard 2A6M is a version of the 2A6 with enhanced mine protection under the chassis, and internal enhancements to improve crew survivability.
Leopard 2 PSO
This new variant Leopard 2 PSO (Peace Support Operations) is designed specially for urban warfare, which had been encountered in peacekeeping operations with increasing frequency. Therefore the Leopard 2 PSO is equipped with more effective all-around protection, a secondary weapons station, improved reconnaissance ability, a bulldozer blade, a shorter gun barrel (for maneuvering on urban streets at the expense of fire range), non-lethal armament, close-range surveillance ability (through camera systems), a searchlight and further changes to improve its perseverance and mobility in a built-up non-wide open area, not too dissimilar to the Tank Urban Survival Kit for the American M1A2 Abrams. 

英國
FV4030/4 Challenger 1／挑戰者一式 (1983) 

FV4034 Challenger 2／挑戰者二式 (1998)

衍生型
CLIP
The Challenger Lethality Improvement Programme (CLIP) was a programme to replace the current L30A1 rifled gun with the 120 mm Rheinmetall L55 smoothbore gun currently used in the Leopard 2A6. The use of a smoothbore weapon would have allowed Challenger 2 to use NATO standard ammunition developed in Germany and the US. This includes tungsten-based kinetic energy penetrators, which do not have the same political and environmental objections as depleted uranium rounds.
Challenger 2E
Challenger 2E is an export version of the tank. It has a new integrated weapon control and battlefield management system, which includes a gyrostabilised panoramic SAGEM MVS 580-day/thermal sight for the commander and SAGEM SAVAN 15 gyrostabilised day/thermal sight for the gunner, both with eyesafe laser rangefinder. This allows hunter/killer operations with a common engagement sequence. An optional servo-controlled overhead weapons platform can be slaved to the commander's sight to allow operation independent from the turret.
The power pack has been replaced with a new 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) EuroPowerPack with transversely mounted MTU MT 883 diesel engine coupled to Renk HSWL 295TM automatic transmission

日本
Type 90 Kyū-maru／90式戦車 (1990)

Type 10／10式戦車(2011)(目前被歸類為第四代主戰戰車)

 

法國

AMX-56 Leclerc／雷克勒戰車 (1992)

衍生型
Séries 1 : Original production model
Séries 2 
Séries 2.1 (XXI) 
Leclerc AZUR Action en Zone Urbaine : proposed urban warfare kit for actions in urban areas.
Leclerc EAU Tropicalized : version of the United Arab Emirates.


俄羅斯
T-80(1976) 

衍生型
T-80 (1976): Initial model, with 1,000-hp gas turbine engine, laser rangefinder, and no missile capability. This model does not have fittings for explosive reactive armor.
T-80B (1978): This model had a new turret, fire-control, and autoloader allowing the firing of 9M112-1 Kobra antitank guided missile, and improved composite armour. An improved 1,100-hp engine was added in 1980, a new gun in 1982, and fittings for reactive armour in 1985. Reactive armor adds protection for 400mm equivalent armor to defend against HEAT warheads.
T-80BV (1985): T-80B with explosive reactive armour.
T-80A (1982): A move to standardization led to a single new larger and better-armoured turret being adopted for both this tank and the T-64BM, with improved fire-control.
T-80U (1985): Further development with K5 explosive reactive armour, improved gunsight, and 9K119 Refleks missile system. In 1990 a new 1,250-hp engine was installed.
T-80UD Bereza (1987): Ukrainian diesel version with 1,000-hp 6TD engine and remote-controlled antiaircraft machine gun.
T-84 (1999): Further Ukrainian development of T-80UD with 1,200-hp diesel and new welded turret.
Black Eagle tank (prototype: cancelled): Several Russian prototypes shown at trade shows, with a longer chassis and extra pair of road wheels, and very large turret with separate ammunition compartment.

T-90 (1996)  

衍生型
T-90: Original production model.
T-90K: Command version of the T-90.
T-90E: Export version of T-90 MBT.
T-90A: Russian army version with welded turret, V-92S2 engine and ESSA thermal viewer. Sometimes called T-90 Vladimir.
T-90S: Export version of T-90A. Sometimes called T-90C (Cyrillic letter es looks like a Latin c). These tanks are found with two different turret armour arrays.
T-90SK: Command version of the T-90S. It differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote-detonation system for HEF rounds.
T-90S "Bhishma": modified T-90S in Indian service.
T-90M: Prototype version featuring new explosive reactive armour (ERA) Relikt, new 1,250 PS (920 kW) engine, new improved turret and composite armor, new gun, new thermal imaging Catherine-FC from Thales, an enhanced environmental control system supplied by Israel’s Kinetics Ltd for providing cooled air to the fighting compartment, integrated tactical system, satellite navigation and others.
T-90MS: New modernized (M) version of the export tank T-90S, with a 1130HP engine, DSHK with IR camera, and PNM Sosna-U gunner view, 7.62mm turret UDP T05BV-1 RWS, GLONASS+inertial navigation, explosive reactive armour (ERA)re Derivatives.


烏克蘭
T-84 (1999)

衍生型
T-84: Ukrainian Modernization of the T-80UD. New welded turret and Shtora-1 countermeasures suite, new electronics, new main gun, new armor, and 1,200 hp (895 kW) 6TD-2 diesel engine.
T-84U: Ukrainian upgrade of the T-84. New armoured side skirts, turret-conformal Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour, auxiliary power unit, thermal imaging sight, satellite navigation, commander's laser range-finder, muzzle reference system, and other improvements.
T-84 Oplot: T-84U with new western-style turret, but retaining the 125 mm gun. The Oplot tank features a new welded turret with separate crew and ammunition compartments with blowout panels on the ammunition compartment, a new bustle-mounted autoloader. A small number are in service with the Ukrainian Army.
T-84-120 Yatagan: a prototype version of Oplot tailored for evaluation by the Turkish Army (prototype designation, KERN2-120). Mounts a 120 mm main gun which fires both NATO 120 mm rounds (like the M829 DU series) and a special 120 mm version of the AT-11 Sniper ATGM. It also has automated gear shifting in place of mechanical gear selector, driver's T-bar control replacing tiller bars, air conditioning, and projectile muzzle velocity sensor, as well as differences in the fire control system, communications, etc.
T-84 Oplot-M (Modernized), or BM Oplot: The newest and most sophisticated version of the T-84 is an upgraded version of the "T-84 Oplot" mounting more advanced armor, new electronic countermeasure systems, and others. One visible feature is the new PNK-6 panoramic tank sight.

塞爾維亞
M-84AS (2004)  Serbia many improvements were adopted from what can be argued to be sister tank of the T-90

以色列
Merkava III／梅卡瓦III式 (1989)

Merkava IV／梅卡瓦IV式 (2004)

 

韓國

K1 (1987)

K2 Black Panther／黑豹 (2010)

 

義大利

C1 Ariete (1995)

印度

Arjun MBT／阿瓊主戰戰車 (2004)

波蘭

PT-91 Twardy (1995)

 

中國／巴基斯坦／孟加拉
Al-Khalid MBT／MBT 2000(2001／Bangladesh- 2012)  (Pakistan/ People's Republic of China Joint development between China and Pakistan)
 

中國

Type 96 (1997)

Type 98/99 (2001)

巴西

EE-T1 Osório(計畫未被軍方採用)

伊朗

Zulfiqar MBT(1993)

開發中

美國
M1A3 Abrams

德國

Leopard 2A7 - planned upgrade for existing Leopard 2
 

俄羅斯

T-95(計畫取消)

T-99 Armata: Introduction planned for 2015


印度
MBT Arjun Mk-II

中國

CSU-152 (Prototypes in testing)

Type 99KM／ZTZ-99式主力戰車

Main Battle Tank 3000: Introduction slated for 2014


巴基斯坦
Al-Khalid II- expected in 2012


土耳其
MİTÜP Altay (Turkey)


克羅埃西亞
M-95 Degman

Reference

陸戰之王-世界各國主力戰車

wikipedia