美國潛艦發展(Development of US Submarines)-2024

 

美國現代化潛艦發展從第一艘柴油動力潛艇開始可以分為三個階段：

第一階段：柴電潛艦時代(1900-1954)

美國在20世紀初開始發展近代潛艦，當時的潛艦主要是使用柴油發動機，需要定期浮出水面充電，因此機動性和隱蔽性較差。在第一次世界大戰期間，美國海軍的潛艦主要用於反潛與破壞通商運補作戰，取得了不少戰果。

第二階段：核子動力潛艦時代(1954-1991)

1954年，美國海軍服役了第一艘核子動力潛艇鸚鵡螺號(USS Nautilus，SSN-571)，標誌著美國潛艦發展進入了核子動力潛艦時代。核子動力潛潛艦使用核子反應爐作為動力，具有無限續航力和極高的隱蔽性，因此成為海上作戰的重要力量。

在冷戰期間，美國海軍的核子動力潛艦主要用於戰略核子威懾和反潛作戰。美國海軍擁有龐大的核子潛艦艦隊，包括核子動力攻擊型潛艦和核彈道飛彈潛艦。

第三階段：新現代化時代(1991至今)

冷戰結束後，美國海軍的潛艦發展重點轉向新的現代化。美國海軍對現役的核子動力潛艦進行了改進，提高了其性能和作戰能力。同時，美國海軍還開始研發新一代的核子動力潛艦。

目前，美國海軍的潛艦艦隊包括攻擊型潛艦和彈道飛彈潛艦兩大類。攻擊型潛艦的主要任務是反潛作戰、海上封鎖和特種作戰。彈道飛彈潛艦的主要任務是戰略核威懾。

美國海軍的潛艦發展在全球處於領先地位。美國海軍擁有世界上規模最大、性能最先進的全核子動力潛艦艦隊。美國海軍的潛艦是美國海上力量的重要組成艦艇，是美國在全球保持海洋霸權的重要保障。

具體來說，美國潛艦發展的歷程可以分為以下幾個階段：

1900-1914年：潛艇發展的萌芽期

20世紀初，潛艇技術剛剛起步，美國海軍也開始發展潛艇。1900年，美國海軍建造了第一艘潛艇荷蘭號(USS Holland，SS-1)，這艘潛艇採用了汽油發動機作為水面動力而在水下則採用電動機推進，在此之前的潛艇主要是用人力推進。此時期潛艇的重要發明如聲納、潛望鏡與魚雷等才剛剛發明並應用，而潛艇外型則以水面型為主，且潛入水中的深度也不深。

Pre–World War I

Class name	No.	Laid down	Last comm.	Notes
Alligator	1	1861	1862	First submarine in the U.S. Navy. Purpose was to protect wooden ships against ironclads.
Holland	1	1896	1900	5 others were made; only Holland (SS-1) entered the U.S. Navy as it was the first officially commissioned submarine purchased on 11 April 1900.
Plunger	7	1900	1903	Later renamed A class in November 1911, when Navy stopped naming submarines. Essentially enlarged, more powerful Holland.
B	3	1905	1907	Last in series of Holland-like submarines. Originally known as Viper class.
C	5	1905	1910	Designed by Lawrence York Spear. Originally known as the Octopus class.
D	3	1908	1910	Originally known as the Narwhal class. Designed to survive flooding in one compartment.
E	2	1909	1912	First US Navy diesel-powered submarine. Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape.
F	4	1909	1913	In 1920, the class was designated SS-20–SS-23.
G	4	1909	1914	Used gasoline engine. G-1 (SS-19½) set the submerged depth record in 1915, 256 feet (78 m). G-1 (SS-19½) was given the number 19½ because SS- numbers were given after her decommissioning; she was between SS-19 & SS-20.
H	9	1911	1918	3 originally ordered by U.S. Navy. 17 ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy, 11 delivered. Other 6 bought by U.S. Navy. Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape.
K	8	1912	1912	Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape. K-1 (SS-32), K-2 (SS-33), K-5 (SS-36), K-6 (SS-37) were the first U.S. submarines to see action in World War I.
L	11	1914	1918	The first US submarines with a deck gun. Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape. Designed for coastal defense.
M-1	1	1914	1918	Double-hull design. Twenty percent larger than the K class. Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape. Considered failure by the submarine community.
N	7	1915	1918	Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape. Used for coastal patrol.
O	16	1916	1918	Each cost $550,000. First submarines with reliable diesel engines. Every man had his own berth and locker. Known as "pig boats", or "boats", due to foul living quarters and unusual hull shape. O-11 through O-16 (built by Lake Torpedo Boat Company) also known as the "modified O-class". Modified boats proved to be disappointing and were scrapped in 1930; Lake went out of business in 1925.
AA-1	3	1916	1922	Later renamed T class. Designed for 5,540 miles (8,920 km) at 14 knots (7.2 m/s), but performed 3,000 miles (4,800 km) at 11 knots (5.7 m/s). Prototype "fleet submarines"—submarines fast enough (21 knots (11 m/s)) to travel with battleships. Twice the size of any concurrent or past U.S. submarine. A poor tandem engine design caused the boats to be decommissioned by 1923 and scrapped in 1930.

1914-1945年：潛艇發展的快速發展期

第一次世界大戰期間，潛艇在海戰中發揮了重要作用。美國海軍的潛艇也取得了一些戰果，擊沉了大量敵方艦船。

World War I

Class name	No.	Laid down	Last comm.	Notes
R	20	1917	1918	Larger conning tower to serve as commanding officer's battle station. Fired Mark 10 torpedoes and traveled 5,000 miles (8,000 km) at 10 knots (5.1 m/s).
R-21	7	1917	1919	Designed by Simon Lake. Generally similar to R class, but smaller and reverted to 18-inch torpedo tubes. Scrapped in 1930; Lake went out of business in 1925.
S	51	1917	1922	The S class is subdivided into four groups of different designs.

Interwar

Class name	No.	First ship laid down	Last ship commissioned	Notes
Barracuda	3	USS Barracuda (SS-163) and USS Bass (SS-164) 20 October 1921	USS Bonita (SS-165) 22 May 1926
Argonaut	1	1 May 1925	2 April 1928	Unique submarine; mine-laying submarine
Narwhal	2	USS Narwhal (SS-167) 10 May 1927	USS Nautilus (SS-168) 1 July 1930
Dolphin	1	14 June 1930	1 June 1932	Unique submarine
Cachalot	2	USS Cachalot (SS-170) 7 October 1931	USS Cuttlefish (SS-171) 8 June 1934
Porpoise	10	USS Porpoise (SS-172) 24 October 1933	USS Pompano (SS-181) 12 June 1937
Salmon	6	USS Salmon (SS-182) 15 April 1936	USS Skipjack (SS-184) 30 June 1938
Sargo	10	USS Sargo (SS-188) 12 May 1937	USS Seawolf (SS-197) 1 December 1939
Tambor	12	USS Tambor (SS-198) 16 January 1939	USS Grayback (SS-208) 30 June 1941
Mackerel	2	USS Mackerel (SS-204) 6 October 1939	USS Marlin (SS-205) 1 August 1941
Gato	77	USS Drum (SS-228) 11 September 1940	USS Croaker (SS-246) 21 April 1944	USS Drum was only boat actually commissioned before US Entry to WWII

第二次世界大戰期間，潛艇在海戰中的作用更加突出。美國海軍的潛艇在太平洋戰場上採取跟德國潛艦一樣的狼群戰術，擊沉了大量日本艦船，為盟軍的勝利做出了重要貢獻。

World War II

Class name	No.	First ship laid down	Last ship commissioned	Notes
Balao	120	USS Devilfish (SS-292) 31 March 1942	USS Tiru (SS-416) 1 September 1948	62 cancelled
Tench	29	USS Amberjack (SS-522), USS Grampus (SS-523), USS Pickerel (SS-524), and USS Grenadier (SS-525) 8 February 1944	USS Grenadier (SS-525) 10 February 1951	51 cancelled

1945-1954年：潛艇發展的轉折期

第二次世界大戰結束後，美國海軍開始發展核子動力潛艇，美國在戰後潛艦構型(開始由水面型進入到淚滴型與葉卷型甚至魚雷型)、推進系統(柴電動力開始推進到核子動力)、聲學感測、導向魚雷等技術領域都有大量新研究。1954年，美國海軍服役第一艘核子動力潛艇鸚鵡螺號(USS Nautilus，SSN-571)，標誌著美國潛艇發展進入了核子動力潛艦時代。

Diesel-Electric Submarines (SSs, SSKs, and SSGs)

Class Name	No.	First boat laid down	Last boat commissioned	Notes
Barracuda	3	USS Barracuda (SSK-1) 1 July 1949	USS Bonita (SSK-3) 11 January 1952
Tang	6	USS Tang (SS-563) 18 April 1949	USS Gudgeon (SS-567) 21 November 1952
Grayback	2	USS Grayback (SSG-574) 1 July 1954	USS Growler (SSG-577) 30 August 1958	Regulus missile submarines
Darter	1	10 November 1954	20 October 1956	Unique submarine
Barbel	3	USS Barbel (SS-580) 18 May 1956	USS Blueback (SS-581) 15 October 1959	First production submarines with teardrop hull. U.S. Navy's last conventionally-powered submarines

1954-1991年：核子動力潛艇發展的黃金期

冷戰期間，美國海軍的核子動力潛艦發展進入了黃金期。美國海軍建造了大量核子動力潛艦，包括核子動力攻擊型潛艦和核子動力彈道飛彈潛艦(在1959–1967打造5級41艘核子動力彈道飛彈潛艇(41 for Freedom))，之後也因為前蘇聯的海上與水面下艦隊勢力大舉擴張，而技轉SSN與SSBN技術給英國，以求能在潛艇品質上的領先以抵銷前蘇聯潛艦艦隊數量上的優勢。而美國在這一時期後，服役的作戰潛艦逐漸全數改為核子動力，並不再開發軍用的柴電動力潛艦。

Nuclear Attack Submarines (SSNs)

Class Name	No.	First boat laid down	Last boat commissioned	Notes
Nautilus	1	14 June 1952	30 September 1954	First nuclear submarine; hull design enlarged from fleet boat
Seawolf	1	7 December 1953	30 March 1957	Unique submarine; liquid metal cooled (sodium) S2G reactor (replaced with a pressurized-water reactor in 1959)
Skate	4	USS Skate (SSN-578) 21 July 1955	USS Seadragon (SSN-584) 5 December 1959
Skipjack	6	USS Skipjack (SSN-585) 29 May 1956	USS Snook (SSN-592) 24 October 1961	First nuclear submarine class with teardrop hull form. USS Scorpion lost at sea 1968.
Thresher/Permit	14	USS Thresher (SSN-593) 28 May 1958	USS Gato (SSN-615) 25 January 1968	First class with bow sonar sphere. Known as Thresher class until the loss of the USS Thresher (SSN-593) in 1963
Tullibee	1	26 May 1958	9 November 1960	Unique submarine; turbo-electric transmission
Sturgeon	37	USS Sturgeon (SSN-637) 10 August 1963	USS Richard B. Russell (SSN-687) 16 August 1975	Redesign of Thresher/Permit class using lessons learned from loss of Thresher.
Narwhal	1	17 January 1966	12 July 1969	Unique submarine; natural circulation S5G reactor
Glenard P. Lipscomb	1	5 June 1971	21 December 1974	Unique submarine; turbo-electric transmission
Los Angeles	62	USS Los Angeles (SSN-688) 8 January 1972	USS Cheyenne (SSN-773) 13 September 1996
Seawolf	3	USS Seawolf (SSN-21) 25 October 1989	USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) 19 February 2005	Planned successor of Los Angeles class. High costs caused only three to be built.

Nuclear Cruise Missile Submarines (SSGNs)

Note: Several boats were converted into cruise missile submarines after construction, the USS Halibut was the only purpose built SSGN of the US Navy

Class Name	No.	First boat laid down	Last boat commissioned	Notes
Halibut	1	11 April 1957	4 January 1960	Unique submarine; Regulus missile submarine

Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs)

Class Name	No.	First boat laid down	Last boat commissioned	Notes
George Washington	5	USS George Washington (SSBN-598) 1 November 1957	USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) 11 March 1961
Ethan Allen	5	USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608) 14 September 1959	USS Thomas Jefferson (SSBN-618) 4 January 1963	Ethan Allen was the only SSBN to fire live missile and detonate nuclear warhead at test range proving theory.
Lafayette	9	USS Lafayette (SSBN-616) 17 January 1961	USS Daniel Webster (SSBN-626) 09 April 1964
James Madison	10	USS Daniel Boone (SSBN-629) 6 February 1962	USS Nathanael Greene (SSBN-636) 19 December 1964
Benjamin Franklin	12	USS Benjamin Franklin (SSBN-640) 25 May 1963	USS Will Rogers (SSBN-659) 1 April 1967	Redesigned using lessons learned from loss of Thresher.
Ohio	18	USS Ohio (SSBN-726) 10 April 1976	USS Louisiana (SSBN-743) 6 September 1997	4 boats converted to SSGN.

1991至今：核子動力潛艇發展的現代化期

冷戰結束後，美國海軍的潛艇發展重點轉向新現代化。隨著海狼級與維吉尼亞級的陸續服役，美國海軍對現役的核子動力潛艦進行了改進，提高了其性能和作戰能力與戰場生存性。同時，美國海軍還開始研發新一代的核子攻擊潛艦SSN(X)與哥倫比亞級彈道飛彈潛艦。

美國潛艦發展的未來

未來，美國潛艇發展將繼續保持領先地位。美國海軍將繼續發展新一代的核子潛艦，並與英國澳洲合作AUKUS核子動力潛艇，或許未來更進一步與日本合作，提高核子動力潛艦性能和作戰能力。同時，美國海軍也將加強對潛艇的維護和保障，確保潛艇能夠在未來的海戰中發輝其戰力與威懾力與提高生存性。

「金融時報」(Financial Times)2024/4/7率先報導，英、美、澳洲3國防長8日將共同宣布啟動諮商，討論讓日本參與AUKUS第二支柱。這時間點恰好落在美國總統拜登(Joe Biden)與日本首相岸田文雄10日在華府會晤，以及美、日與菲律賓11日舉行歷史性的三方峰會之前。美日雙方預計將為「美日安保條約」宣布自1960年簽署以來最大幅度升級。

2021年成立的AUKUS具兩大支柱，第一支柱為英、美協助澳洲取得配備傳統武器的核子動力潛艦並提升其核子運用能力，第二支柱則涉及極音速武器、量子運算、人工智慧、電子戰等高科技領域。

Post–Cold War

Class name	Number of boats	First boat laid down	Last boat commissioned	Notes
Virginia	48 (planned)	USS Virginia (SSN-774) 2 September 1999	USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-795) October 14, 2023	Attack submarine. 22 commissioned as of June 2022.
Columbia	12 (planned)	USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826) (planned)		Ballistic missile submarine
SSN(X)	TBD			Planned attack submarine, and waited budget to kick off.

Reference

Multi-Lingual Wikipedia

Google Gemini

Microsoft Copilot

軍武狂人夢

潛水艦事典

https://www.newton.com.tw/wiki/潛艇

https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202404070211.aspx