世界主戰戰車世代(World Main Battle Tank Generations)-2022

 

在第二次世界大戰之前，坦克車在戰鬥上無法平衡地實現進攻和防守，是因為戰車發動機性能對戰車設計的限制。 因此，根據戰術的優先次序，建造了重型坦克、中型坦克、輕型坦克、豆類坦克和驅逐坦克等多種坦克。 戰後，在戰術的建立和技術發展（特別是1000馬力以上的引擎）的背景下，逐漸融入主戰戰車的發展，以平衡機動性、防護性和攻擊力，以完成主戰戰車所需完成的所有任務。

主力戰車常以代作分類，但主戰戰車依據各國學者或國家的定義不同而有所不同，到目前為止也從未有過明確且統一的定義或標準。蘇聯與俄羅斯軍方將二戰後主力戰車的代劃分起於1945年，至今為止認為主力戰車共有4代的級別，而加拿大戰略學者則認為主力戰車僅有三個世代之分。

依據1983年羅夫·海梅斯(Rolf Hilmes)的定義與著作主戰戰車：從1945年來的發展與設計(Main Battle Tanks: Developments in Design Since 1945)分為三個世代與三個次世代的差異。第一代主戰戰車設計基本上受二次大戰的T-34與豹式(Panther)坦克影響。第二代則主要是配備核生化防護、紅外線夜視鏡裝置、穩定控制的主炮與至少一個機械式火控系統。第三代則主要配備有熱顯像儀、數位火砲控制系統與特殊裝甲(複合式裝甲(或稱查布罕裝甲，英國人發明)或反應式裝甲(以色列人發明))。

第四代與三代半主戰戰車則是目前最新型的戰車。四代主戰戰車特性在於強化C4I能力(指揮，控制，通訊，電腦與情報)、支持城市作戰、針對手持式反戰車武器的側面裝甲與強化匿蹤性等。

第1代

第一代主力戰車為中型戰車的設計，或由二戰的中戰車轉型為主力戰車的結果。

Name	Year in service	Origin	Number built	Notes
Centurion	1946	United Kingdom	4423	First "Universal Tank" (MBT) Culmination of the WWII cruiser tanks.
T-54	1947	Soviet Union	100,000 (T-54/T55)	USSR's First Generation of MBT.
M47 Patton	1951	United States	8,576	A development of theM46 PattonandM26 Pershingtanks.
M48 Patton	1952	United States	12,000	A further development of theM47 Pattontank.
T-55	1958	Soviet Union	100,000 (T-54/T55)	ImprovedT-54.
Type 59	1959	China	10,000	A further development of theT-54tank.
Sho't	1960	Israel	N/A	Israeli designation of the105 mm L7armedCenturion tank.
Type 61	1961	Japan	560	Used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.

第2代

第二代主力戰車增強了夜戰與核生化防護能力以及專屬綠光夜視儀，大部分此世代的西方主力戰車裝備105公釐的皇家兵工廠L7戰車砲。

Name	Year in service	Origin	Notes
M60	1959	United States	A further development of theM48 Pattontank. Later models(M60A2 and M60A3) are considered as the first intermediate generation.
T-62	1961	Soviet Union	A further development of theT-55, mainly a new 115mm cannon and enlarged chassis. First tank fitted with asmoothbore tank gunthat could fireAPFSDS round.
Leopard 1	1965	West Germany	A main battle tank designed and produced in West Germany that first entered service in 1965.
Panzer 61	1965	Switzerland	A further development of thePanzer 58tank.
MBT-70	1965	United States West Germany	An American-West German joint project to develop a new main battle tank. Never entered service.
Vickers MBT	1965	United Kingdom	British private venture design for export.
Vijayanta	1965	India	Indian license built version of BritishVickers MBT.
AMX 30	1966	France	TheAMX 30served as the principal Main Battle Tank (MBT) for the French Army.
T-64	1966	Soviet Union	World's first composite armored tank, later versions of theT-64may be considered as third generation.
FV 4201 Chieftain	1967	United Kingdom	Armed with the British 120mmRoyal Ordnance L11A5gun.
Magach 3	1967	United States Israel	Modernized M48A1/A2C/A3. The modifications included British105 mm L7cannon, low profile commander's cupola, upgraded communication suite, a 750hp diesel engineContinental AVDS-1790-2Awith Allison CD-850-6 transmission. They were eventually fitted with Blazer ERA.
Stridsvagn 103	1968	Sweden	Turretless design developed and employed solely by Sweden. Double engine feature; both diesel and gas turbine.
WZ-122[8]	1970	China	Main battle tank developed by thePeople's Republic of China. Its development started in March 1970. After several prototypes were built, the plan was set aside in 1974.
AMX-30E	1970	France Spain	Spanish main battle tank based on France'sAMX-30. 280 units were manufactured bySanta Bárbara Sistemasfor theSpanish Army, between 1974 and 1983.
Panzer 68	1971	Switzerland	Swiss Main Battle Tank (MBT) based on thePanzer 61.
M60A2	1972	United States	The M60A2 is a variant of theM60 PattonMain Battle Tank (MBT) and was developed as a force multiplier for units, operating the M60A1s. The M60A2 was completed with a new turret, housing an M162 152mm gun/launcher.
T-72	1973	Soviet Union	Hilmes puts theT-72in the first intermediate generation.
Olifant Mk 1	1974	South Africa	A further development of theCenturion Tank.
Type 74	1975	Japan	Hilmes puts theType 74in the first intermediate generation.
Magach 5	1976	United States Israel	M48A5in the original configuration. Generally similar to the Magach 3, but had slightly different engine and transmissionContinental AVDS-1790-2Dand Allison CD-850-6A accordingly. They were eventually fitted with Blazer ERA.
Vickers Mk III	1977	United Kingdom	The Vickers Mk III main battle tank is a further development of theVickers Mk I MBT. It was developed as a private venture, armed with BritishL7A1fully-stabilized 105mm rifled gun. This gun fires a full range of NATOammunition. The same gun was used on the Vickers Mk I, however the Mk III has a new fire control system. Vehicle is powered byDetroit Diesel12V-71T turbocharged diesel engine, developing 720 horsepower.
M60A3	1978	United States	The General Dynamics M60A3 Patton is the last tank in the Patton series produced in the United States, and is also the last main battle tank in this series to see use with the United States military.
TR-77-580	1979	Socialist Republic of Romania	Romanian variant of theT-54/55with an extended chassis and 6 road wheels, originally intended to allow the usage of the same engine as theLeopard 1. The refusal ofKrauss-Maffeito deliver technology to a Warsaw Pact member and political desire to reach certain production figures meant that the V-55 engine of theT-54/55was used instead. 227 TR-580s were in service in 2017.
Merkava Mark I	1979	Israel	First Main Battle Tank developed and used byIsrael Defense Forces.
Type 80/88	1980	China	Variants include theType 88,Type 85.
Ch'onma-ho	1980	Soviet Union North Korea	Copy of theT-62; later versions include upgrades.
OF-40	1981	Italy	Main Battle Tank used byUnited Arab Emirates.
Khalid	1981	United Kingdom	Reworked Shir 1 tanks from cancelled Iranian order supplied to Jordan.
Type 69/79	1982	China	A further development of theType 59. Most advanced Type 79 variant was equipped with a 105mm rifled gun which was also found on the Type 80 tank.
AMX-32	1982	France	The AMX-32 was a French prototype main battle tank developed byAMXandAPXduring the late 1970s as an export tank to fit in a specific market niche of nations with smaller defence budgets.
Tanque Argentino Mediano	1983	Argentina	Medium tank (main battle tank) in service with theArgentine Army.
Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo[10]	1983	Brazil	Main battle tank designed byBernardini; however, it never reached production status and it never passed beyond the prototype stage. The final model, the Tamoyo III was armed with aNATO105 mm L7 rifled main gun.
Merkava Mark II	1983	Israel	ImprovedMerkava Mark I.
T-55AM	1985	Soviet Union Czechoslovakia	T-55with new engine, FCS computer, BDDcomposite armor(lateractive armororERA; T-55AMV, T-55AMD), equipped withnew APFSDS ammunition(BM-20 or BM-25). Frontal protection of T-55AM with BDD add-on equals first T-72s .
Lion of Babylon	1985	Iraq	Licensed copy of theT-72.
CM-11 Brave Tiger	1990	Taiwan	Variant fromM48 Patton.
CM-12	1990	Taiwan	Variant fromM48 Patton.
Zulfiqar I	1994	Iran	Over 150 built, not including 6 prototypes.
Type 72Z	1997	Iran	A highly modernized version of theType 59andT-54/T-55tanks with upgrades carried out by the Iranian Defense Industries Organization.
Type 96	1997	China	Domestic version of Type 85-IIM later known asType 96.
Leopard C2	2000	Canada	The Leopard C2 MBT is a Canadian upgrade of the GermanLeopard 1.
M60-2000	2001	United States Turkey	Prototype never entered service.
Olifant Mk 2	2003	South Africa	ImprovedOlifant Mk 1 Tank.
Al-Zarrar	2004	China Pakistan	An upgrade of Pakistan's aging ChineseType 59 tanks, developed with Ukrainian assistance and manufactured by theHeavy Industries Taxila, featuring a 125mm smoothbore gun as primary weapon.
Ramses II	2005	Egypt	A heavily modernizedT-55main battle tankdesigned for and used by theEgyptian Armed Forces.
Tifon 2a	2010	Ukraine Peru	Main battle tank based on the SovietT-54/55tank, developed and manufactured jointly by the Peruvian company DICSAC (Diseños Casanave Corporation S.A.C. of Peru) and theKharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau, Ukraine. Trials/Development only to date.
Sabalan	2014	Iran	Iranian upgraded version of the USM47 Patton, It has side skirts and a newly built turret fitted with a 105-mm gun, laser range finder, new fire control system and communication equipment. Never used in active service.
Type 59G(BD) Durjoy	2015	China	An upgraded variant of the ChineseType 59 tankfor theBangladesh Army.
T-55AGM	2016	Ukraine	Ukrainian T-54/T-55 modernization. It brings up theT-54/T-55tanks toT-80standard. It can also be applied to Chinese madeType 59and SovietT-62. It is fitted with 5TDFM, two-stroke liquid-cooled multi-fuel supercharged diesel engine with opposed pistons which develops 850hp (634kW), improved running gear, automated movement control system with a steering handlebar control, additional passive protection, built-in explosive reactive armour, countermeasures system, new fire suppression system with over-ride facilities at the commander's station, automatic loader which holds 18 rounds and anti-aircraft machine gun that can be aimed and fired from within the turret under a complete armour protection.

第3代

第三代主力戰車通常擁有數位化射控系統與更先進的複合式裝甲或反應式裝甲。

Name	Year in service	Origin	Notes
T-80[14]	1976	Soviet Union	World's first turbine engine equipped tank. Though the SwedishStridsvagn 103that entered service in 1960s used a turbine engine alongside a diesel. However,T-80in Hilmes's book is very different from aT-80in real world,and early models of theT-80offer no big differences compared to T-64A in overall performance. So models prior to the T-80B should be regarded as Second generation intermediate.
Leopard 2[16]	1979	West Germany	Development of the Leopard 2 Main Battle Tank (MBT) began in 1970. It was just a couple of years after a previousLeopard 1entered service. Is armed with a fully-stabilizedRheinmetall RH-M-120120mm smoothbore gun.
MBT-80	N/A	United Kingdom	Prototype, never entered service.
M1 Abrams	1980	United States	Production began (at Chrysler) in 1979 and continued to 1985 (at General Dynamics) (3,273 built for the US).
FV4030/4 Challenger 1	1983	United Kingdom	ReplacedFV 4201 Chieftain. The Challenger 1 is armed with a fully-stabilized British L11A5 120mm rifled gun. It is a significantly improved version of the Chieftain's gun. It is extremely accurate, however this MBT was fitted with slow fire control system. The Challenger 1 MBT is powered by a Rolls-Royce Condor CV12 TCA turbocharged diesel engine, developing 1 200hp.
AMX-40	1983	France	Prototype, never acquired by the French Army.
M-84	1984	Yugoslavia	The M-84 main battle tank is essentially the SovietT-72, produced under license. However it has a number of Yugoslavian sub-systems. Production of the M-84 MBT began in 1983 and first vehicles entered service in 1984. By 1992 over 600 of these MBTs have been built. Currently it is operational with some countries of the formerYugoslaviaandKuwait.
EE-T1/EE-T2 Osório	N/A	Brazil	Prototype, never acquired by the Brazilian Army.
M1A1 Abrams	1986	United States	ImprovedM1 Abrams. Production started in 1985 and continued to 1992, pressurized NBC system, rear bustle rack for improved stowage of supplies and crew belongings, redesigned blow-off panels and M256 120mm smoothbore cannon (4,976 built for the U.S. Army, 221 for USMC, 59 M1A1 AIM SA sold to Australia).
TR-85	1986	Socialist Republic of Romania	Main battle tank based on the TR-77-580, designed for theRomanian Land Forces.
Panzer 87	1987	Switzerland	License manufactured inSwitzerlandof the Leopard2A4. This version included Swiss-built 7.5mm MG 87 machine guns, communications equipment, and featured improved NBC protection system. Switzerland operated 380 Panzer 87 tanks.
K1 88-Tank	1988	South Korea	First Main Battle Tank in use with theRepublic of Korea Armed Forces, developed by Hyundai Precision (laterHyundai Rotem).[17]
Merkava Mark III	1989	Israel	As of 2022, the Merkava III was retired from active service but is still the most numerous tank in the IDF's arsenal. Compared to the Merkava II, it has upgrades to the drivetrain, powertrain, armament, and electronic systems. The most prominent addition was the incorporation of the locally developedIMI 120 mm gun.
Type 90	1990	Japan	Development of the new Japanese Main Battle Tank (MBT) commenced in 1976. It was intended to replace theType 61medium tanks in service with Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces (JGSDF). The new tank was developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in cooperation with GermanKrauss-Maffeiand MaK tank manufacturers. This MBT is armed with GermanRheinmetall RH-M-120120mm smoothbore gun, which was produced in Japan under license by Japan Steel Works. It fires HEAT-MP and APFSDS-T rounds, but is also compatible with all standardNATO120mm tank ammunition.
M-91 Vihor	1991	Yugoslavia	Prototype, never entered service.
Pokpung-ho II	1992	North Korea	A further development ofCh'onma-Ho. The tank may incorporate technology found in theT-62,T-72, andCh'onma-hoMBTs. The P'okp'ung-ho is only known to be used in North Korea.
M1A2 Abrams	1992	United States	ImprovedM1A1 Abrams. Production began in 1986 and entered service in 1992 (77 built for the U.S. and more than 600 M1s upgraded to M1A2, 315 for Saudi Arabia, 1,005 for Egypt, 218 for Kuwait). The M1A2 offers the tank commander an independent thermal sight and ability to, in rapid sequence, shoot at two targets without the need to acquire each one sequentially, also 2nd generation depleted uranium armor components.
Leclerc	1992	France	ReplacedAMX 30. The Leclerc main battle tank was developed byGIATIndustries. Its development began in 1978 and first prototypes were built in 1989. Production of the Leclerc MBT started in 1991. It is named in honor to general Philippe Jacques Leclerc, commander of French armored division duringWorld War II. It is in service withFrance(406) andUnited Arab Emirates(388). Some sources claim that currently only 340 Leclercs remain in service with theFrench Army.
T-90	1992	Russia	Updated version of theT-72; originally introduced into service in October 1992 as T-72BU, but simultaneously renamed as the T-90.
PT-91 Twardy	1995	Poland	A development of theT-72M1. The PT-91 Twardy (tough) is an improved variant of the SovietT-72main battle tank. The PT-91 was developed in Poland in the early 1990s. Production of the PT-91 Twardy tanks for the Polish Army was completed in 2002. A total of 233 tanks were delivered. Currently Polish Army also operates 120 older T-72M1 tanks (with additional 470 tanks mothballed, actual number of machines in working condition is unknown). Also a number of ex-German Leopard 2A4 and Leopard 2A5 tanks are in use. The older Leopard 2A4 tanks are being upgraded toLeopard 2PLstandard.
Ariete	1995	Italy	The Ariete (ram) main battle tank (also referred as the C-1) was developed byIvecoandOTO Melara. It is named in honor to Italian Ariete armored division, which fought duringWorld War II. This main battle tank was intended to replace ageing fleet ofM60A1in service withItalian Army. First prototype of the C1 Ariete was revealed in 1986 and six pre-production vehicles were built in 1989. It entered service with Italian army in 1995. Italy operates 200 MBTs of this type.
TR-85M1 "Bizonul"	1997	Romania	First built in 1985, the modernised TR-85M1 "Bizonul" (the bison) variant was updated in 1996, as an effort to bring it up to date with otherNATOcountries. The project was a cooperative effort betweenAerospatiale-Matra,Sagem, Kolmorgen-Artus,Racaland Romanian factories, such asROMARM, METRA,I.O.R.andAerostar
Stridsvagn 122	1997	Sweden	Swedish main battle tank based on the GermanLeopard 2 Improvedvariant utilizing newer technology such as command-, control-, and fire-control systems, as well as reinforced armour and long-term combat capacity.
M-95 Degman	1997	Croatia	Croatian development of the prototype YugoslavM-91 Vihor. Only 2 prototype, never entered service.
Zulfiqar II	1997	Iran	Further development of the Zulfiqar I. It is an interim MBT, which served as a test bed for the Zulfiqar 3. It had an extended hull and was fitted with new engine. It also has a new turret with sloping front and bustle at the rear. This may indicate removal of the autoloader, or possibly, a new autoloader. Prototype, never entered service.
FV4034 Challenger 2	1998	United Kingdom	Further development of theChallenger 1. The new main battle tank is significantly more capable than its predecessor. It entered service with theBritish Armyin 1994. Currently the Challenger 2 is in service withUnited Kingdom(386) andOman(38). Armed with the British 120mmRoyal Ordnance L30gun.
M1A2 Abrams(SEP)	1999	United States	System Enhancement Package (SEP) has upgraded third-generation depleted uranium armor components with graphite coating (240 new built, 300 M1A2s upgraded to M1A2 SEP for the US, also unknown numbers of upgraded basic M1s and M1IPs, also 400 oldest M1A1s upgraded to M1A2 SEP).
T-84	1999	Ukraine	The T-84 is a Ukrainian main battle tank. It is a further development of the T-80UD. Development of the T-80UD began in the late 1980s. Models of the T-84 include the T-84U MBT with new armored side skirts, built-in Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armor, muzzle reference system and some other improvements.
Zulfiqar III	2000	Iran	The most advanced variant of the Zulfiqar family which was selected for production, bears an uncanny resemblance to the AmericanM1 Abrams. It features considerable upgrades to the fire-control system, chassis, engine and main gun. The new variant is equipped with the2A46125mm smoothbore cannon with anautoloader, a laser rangefinder and a new fire-control system. It is also fitted with a reinforced turret and the wheels are covered by an armoured skirt.
K1A1	2001	South Korea	The K1A1 main battle tank is an improved version of theK1 88-Tank. It was developed in South Korea byHyundai Rotem. It is broadly similar to the USM1A1 Abramsin terms of firepower and protection. First production vehicle was completed in 1996, however it entered service with the ROK Army only in 2001. Production ceased in 2010. A total of 484 of these tanks were reportedly built..
Type 99	2001	China	The Type 99 main battle tank is a further development of theType 98MBT. It is generally similar to the Type 98, but has a number of improvements. The Type 99 was revealed in 2000 and entered service with theChinese Armyin 2001. This main battle tank shows a mixture of Russian and Western influence in its design and technology. As of 2017 improved version of this tank is produced inChina. Currently it is the most advanced Chinese main battle tank.
MBT-2000/Al-Khalid[18]	2002	China Pakistan	The Al Khalid main battle tank was jointly developed byChinaandPakistan. It is a further development of the Chinese Type 90-II tank, which was not accepted to service with theChinese Army. In the late 1990s it was marketed for export as theMBT-2000. Pakistan acquired production license of this MBT. The Al Khalid is named after the legendary generalKhalid ibn al-Walid. First deliveries of this tank were made in 2002. The Al Khalid is currently in service with Pakistan.
Tank EX	2002	India	Experimental hybrid prototype with turret of Arjun and hull of T-72, Never entered service.
Pokpung-ho III	2002	North Korea	Outside parties codename the tank M-2002 because the tank went through performance trials on February 16, 2002 (therefore being officially confirmed by outside sources), although the tank may have been in existence since 1992.
T-72M4CZ[19]	2003	Czechoslovakia	Upgraded Czech version of theT-72tank. The T-72 main battle tank was licensed-produced in the formerCzechoslovakia. It entered service with theCzechoslovakian Armyin 1981. After the dissolution of the Czechoslovakia in the early 1990s upgrade programs were developed both inCzech RepublicandSlovakiato keep their fleets ofT-72MBTs operational and combat capable.
Leopard 2E	2003	Germany Spain	A derivative of theLeopard 2A6, with greater armour protection, developed under a programme of co-production between the defence industries of Spain and Germany.
M60 Phoenix	2004	Jordan	The M60 Phoenix is a Jordanian upgrade of theM60A3main battle tank. It was developed by the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (KADDB). A total of 182 Jordanian M60A3 tanks were reportedly upgraded to the Phoenix standard. A 105mm rifled gun was replaced by a Swiss RUAG CTG fully-stabilized 120mm/L50 smoothbore gun. It is compatible with all standard NATO 120mm tank ammunition. The Jordanian M60 Phoenix is notable for packing heavier punch than other upgunned M60s, that have 120mm/L44 guns.
Arjun Mk 1	2004	India	The first prototype of the Arjun main battle tank was built in 1989, 15 pre-production prototypes were built by 1996. Production variant designated as Arjun MK1 entered service with theIndian Armyin 2004. MK1A variant of Arjun was developed and entered service with the Indian Army in 2021.
Merkava Mark IV	2004	Israel	The Merkava Mk IV Main Battle Tank (MBT) entered service withIsrael Defense Forcesin 2004. It is a further development of theMerkava Mark III. Now they equip the 460th training brigade and the 4th reserve brigade. For a long time these tanks were not available for export, though some of the tank's systems and components were offered for the export customers. However, in 2014 it was reported, that Israel will export a number of these tanks to an undisclosed customer, possibly Colombia.
M-84AS	2004	Serbia	Upgraded Yugoslav version of theM-84tank. M-84AS is sometimes referred to asM-84AB1andM-2001.
C2 Ariete	2005	Italy	The C2 Ariete was revealed in 2005. It has a modular armor, 120mm smoothbore gun fitted with an autoloader, hydropneumatic suspension, 1500hp engine and more advanced fire control system.
Type 96A/B	2006	China	Type 96G (also referred as Type 96A). It is an upgraded version of theType 96, fitted with explosive reactive armor and thermal imaging system for all-weather, day/night operation. It was revealed in 2006. It is believed that upgraded vehicles approach theType 99in terms of protection, firepower and mobility. Weight of upgraded MBT increased to 42.8 t. All Type 96 tanks might be upgraded to this standard. This tank is also proposed for export customers as the VT2B. In 2016 a new version of the Type 96G emerged, which is most likely to be fitted with a new engine.
Mobarez	2006	Iran	A domestically upgraded version of the BritishChieftain tankbyIran.
Sabra Mk I	2007	United States Israel	An extensively upgradedM60 Pattontank developed byIsrael Military Industries.
Al-Khalid I	2009	China Pakistan	Upgraded variant with Ammunition capacity increased to 49 125mm rounds, 1,500 12.7mm rounds and 7,100 7.62mm rounds. Incorporates modifications made to the fire-control system which is now a more advanced multi process fire control computer with up to 7km effective identification range.
T-84 Oplot-M	2009	Ukraine	The newest and most sophisticated version of the T-84 is an upgraded version of the "T-84 Oplot" mounting more advanced armor, new electronic countermeasure systems, and others. One visible feature is the new PNK-6 panoramic tank sight. The T-84 Oplot-T is an export version for Thailand.
T-95	2009	Russia	Prototype, Never entered service.
Sabra Mk II/M60T	2009	Israel Turkey	The Sabra Mk II is known as the M60T in Turkish service.
Leopard 2A4M CAN	2010	Canada(Germany)	The Leopard 2A4M CAN is the upgraded Canadian version of the Leopard 2A4 acquired from theRoyal Netherlands Armysurplus. The Leopard 2A4M CAN is specially designed for theWar in Afghanistan, based on experience gained by Leopard 2 operators.
T-72B3	2013	Russia	Upgraded Russian version of theT-72. T-72B3M is the most advanced variant.
PT-16	2016	Poland	A further development ofPT-91 Twardy. Upgrades include improved armor, armament, and mobility. Never entered service due to political pressure for preserving existing fleet ofT-72tanks.
M-84D	2018	Croatia	Upgraded version of theM-84with improvements to its armor, armament, mobility and electronics. 75 to be upgraded, possibly replacing the 125mm 2A46 gun with a NATO 120mm gun.

第3.5代

第3代車體搭配第四代主戰戰車的新科技。

Name	Year in service	Origin	Notes
Merkava IVm Windbreaker	2011	Israel	Merkava Mark IV equipped with theTrophy active protection system(APS), designated "Meil Ruach" (Hebrew: מעיל רוח; "Windbreaker" or "Wind Coat"). the Merkava IVm now equip all the active service combat brigades
T-90M/MS	2011	Russia	The main features include the modernisation of the old turret design, which is equipped with the new advancedFire control system"Kalina" (with integrated combat information and control systems), improved armor on the ammo carousel, and a new upgraded gun 2A46M-5, as well as a remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun "UDP T05BV-1". T-90MS is the export version, also known as T-90SM
T-80UM2	N/A	Russia	The Black Eagle tank (Russian: Чёрный Орёл, Čërnyj Orël, or Object 640), was a presumed prototype main battle tank produced in the Russian Federation. It was thought to have been developed by the KBTM design bureau in Omsk in the late 1990s. A production version of this tank has never been publicly demonstrated. The Black Eagle has been cancelled, with all production and development halted. It is a T-80 variant which has helped development of theT-14 Armata.
Type 99A	2014	China	The Type 99G is a Chinese main battle tank. It is an improved version of the Type 99, which was adopted by the Chinese Armyback in 2001. This tank is also referred as the Type 99A, Type 99A1 and Type 99A2. It has a number of improvements over the baseline Type 99, related with fire control, targeting and countermeasures systems and modified suspension.
Leopard 2A7+	2014	Germany	The Leopard 2A7+ is an advanced third generation tank and has been tested by the Bundeswehrunder the name UrbOp (Urban Operations).
VT-4	2016	China	The VT4 is a Chinese main battle tank, developed specially for export. It is also known as theMBT-3000. It is being marketed byNORINCO. This tank can be seen as a simplified export version of the Type 99G, which is used by the China's Army. The VT4 is a further development of the VT1A, which is in turn a downgraded export version of theType 99.
Karrar	2017	Iran	Iranian tank said to be on a par with the Russian T-90M and American M1A2. Both Iran and Russia, however, deny any Russian involvement in the project.
M1A2C Abrams(SEPv3)	2017	United States	Prototypes began testing in 2015, and the first unit were delivered in October 2017.
Challenger 3	2027	United Kingdom	Further development of theChallenger 2, the Challenger 3 has an all new turret with an improved hull. TheL30A1120mm rifled gun has been replaced with the new NATO-StandardRheinmetall L55A1120mm smoothbore gun; itself an derivative ofRheinmetall Rh-120120mm gun currently used in theLeopard 2A6 and 2A7. The Challenger 3 is due to enter service in 2027 with the total fleet being 148 tanks.
Leopard 2PL[20]	2020	Poland	Modernized version of theLeopard 2A4tank, used by thePolish Armed Forces.
Leclerc XLR	2020	France	Newest upgrade package part of the SCORPION program. Inclusion of new tactical interfaces, new armor packages, RWS turret, as well as several additional sensors and grenade launchers. Deliveries starting in 2020.
Arjun MK 1A	2021	India	The Arjun Mk 1A is an improved variant of theArjunmain battle tank. It has a redesigned turret protected with Kanchan composite armour, ERA and NERA. It has ALWCS active protection system and DRDO developed health monitoring system. Arjun MK1A has capability to fire indigenous gun-launched dual purpose missile viz, SAMHO. Arjun MK1A entered service with the Indian Army in 2021.
M1A2D Abrams(SEPv4)	2021	United States	Under engineering development with delivery planned to start by 2021.

第4代

或稱下一世代主戰戰車目前仍在開發中，比起第3代與3.5代，第4代主力戰車引進了更多的新技術甚至具備部分匿蹤的能力，強化C4I的能力，也有部分MBT加入短程防空飛彈以抵擋與防備攻擊直升機的低空攻擊。

Name	Year in service	Origin
Type 10	2012	Japan
K2 Black Panther	2014	South Korea
T-14 Armata	2022	Russia
Altay	2023	Turkey/South Korea
FMBT	2025	India
Main Ground Combat System	2035	France Germany
Decisive Lethality Platform	2035	United States
M2020		North Korea

Reference

終極戰車百科: 史上最完整的裝甲車輛大圖鑑

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